Wikipedia

Katalin Karikó

(Redirected from Katalin Kariko)
The native form of this personal name is Karikó Katalin. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Katalin "Kati" Karikó (Hungarian: Karikó Katalin, pronounced [ˈkɒrikoː ˌkɒtɒlin]; born 17 January 1955) is a Hungarian-American[2] biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy.[3] Karikó laid the scientific groundwork for mRNA vaccines, overcoming major obstacles and skepticism in the scientific community.[1][4] Karikó received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 for her work, along with American immunologist Drew Weissman.[5][6]

Katalin Karikó
Karikó in 2024
Born (1955-01-17) 17 January 1955 (age 69)
Szolnok, Hungary
Other namesKati Kariko[1]
Citizenship
  • Hungary
  • United States
EducationUniversity of Szeged (BSc, PhD)
Known formRNA technology in immunology and therapies
SpouseBéla Francia
ChildrenSusan Francia
AwardsNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2023) and several others
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions

Karikó co-founded and was CEO of RNARx from 2006 to 2013.[7] From 2013 to 2022, she was associated with BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, first as a vice president and promoted to senior vice president in 2019.[8] In 2022, she left BioNTech to devote more time to research.[9] In 2021, she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Szeged in Hungary,[10] where she has since become a professor.[11] While Karikó has also been associated with the University of Pennsylvania, which would benefit financially from her eventual discovery, the university had actively discouraged her from pursuing research by underfunding and deprioritizing work on mRNA.[12][13] After being demoted by the University of Pennsylvania in 1995, Karikó was never granted tenure and joined BioNTech in 2013 after the university had declined to reinstate her.[14][15]

Karikó's work includes scientific research on RNA-mediated immune activation, resulting in the co-discovery with Drew Weissman of the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immunogenicity of RNA.[16][17][18] This is seen as a further contribution to the therapeutic use of mRNA.[19] Together with Weissman, she holds United States patents for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA. This technology has been licensed by BioNTech and Moderna to develop their protein replacement technologies, but it was also used for their COVID-19 vaccines.[20]

The messenger RNA-based technology developed by Karikó and the two most effective vaccines based on it, BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna, have formed the basis for the effective and successful fight against SARS-CoV-2 virus worldwide and have contributed significantly to the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic.[21][1] For their work, Karikó and Weissman have received numerous other awards besides the Nobel, including the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award,[22] Time Magazine's Hero of the Year 2021,[23] and the Tang Prize Award in Biopharmaceutical Science in 2022.[24][25]

Early life and education

edit
 
Karikó Katalin with a statue of Albert Szent-Györgyi, a fellow Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner, at the University of Szeged

Katalin Karikó was born in Szolnok,[26] and grew up in Kisújszállás, Hungary, in a small home without running water, a refrigerator, or television.[27] Her father János[28] was a butcher, and her mother was a bookkeeper.[29][27][1] Her father was punished for participating in the revolt of 1956.[30] She excelled in science during her primary education, earning third place in Hungary in a biology competition.[27]

Karikó obtained a BSc degree in biology in 1978 and her PhD in biochemistry in 1982, both from the University of Szeged.[31] She worked with Jenő Tomasz[32] and continued her postdoctoral research at the Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre (BRC) of Hungary. From 1978 until 1985, she was listed as an intelligence asset by the Communist Hungarian secret police, something she says she was blackmailed into out of fear of repercussions on her career or reprisals against her father. She claims that she did not provide them with information nor was she active as an agent.[33]

In 1985, her lab at the BRC lost its funding,[27] and Karikó sought work at institutions in other countries. After being offered a research position by Robert J. Suhadolnik of Temple University,[34] Karikó left Hungary for the United States with her husband and two-year-old daughter,[27] carrying her daughter's teddy bear stuffed with £900 that they had received from selling their car[35][36] and exchanging currency on the black market.[37]

Career

edit

Between 1985 and 1988, Karikó was a postdoctoral fellow at Temple University in Philadelphia. Karikó participated in a clinical trial in which patients with AIDS, hematologic diseases, and chronic fatigue syndrome were treated with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). At the time, this was considered groundbreaking research, as the molecular mechanism of interferon induction by dsRNA was not known, although the antiviral and antineoplastic effects of interferons were well-documented.[38]

In 1988, Karikó accepted a job at Johns Hopkins University without first informing her lab advisor Suhadolnik of her intention to leave Temple, as recounted in Gregory Zuckerman's 2021 book A Shot to Save the World. Suhadolnik told her that if she went to Johns Hopkins, he would have her deported, and subsequently reported her to U.S. immigration authorities, claiming that she was "illegally" in the United States. In the time it took her to successfully challenge the resulting extradition order, Johns Hopkins withdrew the job offer. Suhadolnik "continued bad-mouthing Karikó, making it impossible for her to get a new position" at other institutions, until she met a researcher at Bethesda Naval Hospital who "had his own difficult history with Suhadolnik".[39] Karikó subsequently confirmed that the incident had happened as Zuckerman described, but emphasized that "more importantly I was always grateful to [Suhadolnik for] sending me the IAP66 form in 1985, for the opportunity he gave me to work in his lab", noting that "when I gave a lecture [at Temple, a] couple of years later, I thanked him for the science I learned from him."[40] From 1988 to 1989, she worked at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland[41] where she worked with signal protein interferons.[32]

In 1989, she was hired by the University of Pennsylvania to work with cardiologist Elliot Barnathan on messenger RNA (mRNA).[27] In 1990, while an adjunct professor at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Karikó submitted her first grant application in which she proposed establishing mRNA-based gene therapy.[8] Ever since, mRNA-based therapy has been Karikó's primary research interest. However, in the 1990s, mRNA fell out of favor as many researchers, biotechs, and pharmaceutical companies doubted its potential. Though supported by Elliot Barnathan (who left UPenn in 1997) and David Langer (who then hired her), Karikó found it difficult to gain funding.[42][43] She was initially on track to become a full professor, but after repeated grant rejections the university demoted her in 1995.[20][44] Nevertheless, she chose to remain and continue her mRNA research.[42][45]

 
Karikó (right) with Drew Weissman in 2022

In 1997, she met Drew Weissman, a professor of immunology who had recently arrived at the University of Pennsylvania.[46] They began to exchange ideas and then to collaborate. Weissman's funding was critical in helping Karikó to continue and extend her research[42][45] and the combination of Weissman's immunology and Karikó's biochemistry was extremely effective.[43] They began to move the technology forward, solving problems one at a time, and eventually gaining recognition. Weissman has commented "We had to fight the entire way."[42][45] Karikó's persistence was noted as exceptional against the norms of academic research work conditions.[47][32][4]

Kate was really just unbelievable... She was always incredibly inquisitive. She read voraciously. She would always know the latest technology or the latest paper, even if it was in a totally different area, and she'd put two and two together and say, 'Well why don't we do this?' Or, 'Why don't we try this formulation?'

— Elliot Barnathan[42]

Before 2005, a major problem with the proposed therapeutic use of mRNA was that in vivo use led to inflammatory reactions.[3] A key insight came about when Karikó focused on why transfer RNA (tRNA), used as a control in an experiment, did not provoke the same immune reaction as mRNA.[1] A series of landmark studies beginning in 2005 demonstrated that while synthetic mRNA was highly inflammatory, tRNA was noninflammatory. Karikó and Weissman determined how specific nucleoside modifications in mRNA led to a reduced immune response:[45][3] by replacing uridine with pseudouridine.[48] Their key finding of a chemical modification of mRNA to render it non-immunogenic was rejected by the journals Nature and Science, but eventually accepted by the publication Immunity.[49][16]

Another important achievement by the researchers was the development of a delivery technique to package the mRNA in lipid nanoparticles, a novel pharmaceutical drug delivery system for mRNA. The mRNA is injected into tiny fat droplets (lipid nanoparticles) which protect the fragile molecule until it can reach the desired area of the body.[26][50][51] They demonstrated its effectiveness in animals.[52]

 
Katalin Karikó wall painting in Budapest, Hungary

Karikó and Weissman founded a small company, RNARx, and in 2006 and 2013 received patents for the use of several modified nucleosides to reduce the antiviral immune response to mRNA. Soon afterward, the University of Pennsylvania sold the intellectual property license to Gary Dahl, the head of a lab supply company that eventually became Cellscript.[53] Weeks later, Flagship Pioneering, the venture capital company backing Moderna, contacted her in an attempt to license the patent, at which point Karikó had to tell them it was no longer available.[8]

In 2006, Katalin Karikó reached out to biochemist Ian MacLachlan to work with him on the chemically altered mRNA.[54] Initially, MacLachlan and Tekmira turned away from the collaboration. Karikó wanted to team up with Ian MacLachlan because he was the leader of a team that helped advance mRNA technology. Karikó was working on establishing the formulated lipid nanoparticle delivery system that encapsulates mRNA in a dense particle through a mixing process.[55][56]

In early 2013, Karikó heard of Moderna's $240 million deal with AstraZeneca to develop a Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. Karikó realized that she would not get a chance to apply her experience with mRNA at the University of Pennsylvania, so she took a role as vice president at BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals[8] (and subsequently became a senior vice president in 2019), while maintaining an adjunct professorship at the University.[57]

As of October 2023, Karikó is a professor at University of Szeged in Hungary.[11]

Scientific contributions

edit

Karikó's research and its specializations have a broad impact with potential implications for areas such as the generation of pluripotent stem cells, and messenger RNA-based gene therapy, as well as "a new class of drugs".[42][58]

Karikó's work laid the foundation for BioNTech and Moderna to create therapeutic mRNAs that do not induce an immune response.[8] In 2020, Karikó and Weissman's technology was used in vaccines for COVID-19 produced by BioNTech and its partner Pfizer[19][45] and by Moderna. The mRNA vaccines were developed and approved for use at unprecedented speed, and demonstrated over 90% efficacy. In addition to vaccines for infectious diseases, mRNA has potential applications in treatment of cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases[59][60][61] including ischemia.[62] However, in May 2024, a review on the main modification of messengers to lower the immunogenicity of mRNA therapies, i.e. the introduction of N1-methylpseudouridine, a solution that made possible the development of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19, reports that at least in the case of the melanoma vaccine, the introduction of 100% of methylpseudouridines resulted in cancer growth and metastases compared to the unmodified mRNA vaccine.[63]

Awards and honors

edit
Main article: List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó

Karikó has received more than 130 international awards and honors for her pioneering and globally significant work in biochemistry.

The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute announced on 2 October 2023 that the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for the development of mRNA technology.[64][65][66]

Katalin Karikó donated the more than half a million dollars she received from her Nobel Prize to her former alma mater, the University of Szeged on 16 April 2024.[67][68]

In 2022, Karikó was awarded The Novo Nordisk Prize along with Drew Weissman for their pioneering forces for more than a decade in discovering a nucleoside-modified form of mRNA.[69]

In 2023, Karikó was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for her research into messenger RNA.[70]

Karikó was named in the 2024 Time 100 influential people in health. [71]

In December 2024, Katalin Karikó was included on the BBC's 100 Women list.[72]

Personal life

edit
 
Karikó's daughter Susan Francia

Karikó is married to Béla Francia, and they are the parents of two-time Olympic gold medalist rower Susan Francia.[19] Their grandson was born in the U.S. in February 2021 to their daughter and son-in-law, architect Ryan Amos.[73][74]

Media visibility and memoir

edit

In April 2021, The New York Times featured her career, which laid the groundwork for mRNA vaccines to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.[1]

On 10 June 2021, The Daily podcast from The New York Times highlighted Karikó's career, emphasizing the many challenges she had to overcome before her work was recognized.[75]

In November 2021, the US online publication Glamour named her a Woman of the Year.[76]

In 2023, two children's books were released about her: Never Give Up: Dr. Kati Karikó and the Race for the Future of Vaccines, by Debbie Dadey and Juliana Oakley,[77][78] and Kati's Tiny Messengers: Dr. Katalin Karikó and the Battle Against COVID-19, by Megan Hoyt and Vivien Mildenberger.[79]

Katalin Karikó's autobiography was published by Crown Publishing Group on 10 October 2023, just days after she won the Nobel Prize.[80][81][82] It is titled Breaking Through: My Life in Science.[83] The book became the best-selling non-fiction book in Hungary in 2023, and was awarded the Libri Literary Prize in June 2024.[84] By this time, her memoir had been translated into 9 languages.[85]

Selected publications

edit

See also

edit
  • Tozinameran – COVID-19 vaccine from Pfizer BioNTech, sold under the brand name Comirnaty
  • Uğur Şahin – German oncologist and immunologist (born 1965), co-founder of BioNTech
  • Özlem Türeci – German physician, scientist and entrepreneur, co-founder of BioNTech

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f Kolata, Gina (8 April 2021). "Kati Kariko Helped Shield the World From the Coronavirus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  2. ^ Keyton, David; Corder, Mike; Burakoff, Maddie (2 October 2023). "Karikó and Weissman win Nobel Prize in medicine for work that enabled mRNA vaccines against COVID-19". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Hogan, Michael J.; Pardi, Norbert (27 January 2022). "mRNA Vaccines in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond". Annual Review of Medicine. 73 (1): 17–39. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042420-112725. ISSN 0066-4219. PMID 34669432. S2CID 239050929.
  4. ^ a b Schmader, Toni (18 January 2023). "Gender Inclusion and Fit in STEM". Annual Review of Psychology. 74 (1): 219–243. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032720-043052. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 35961037. S2CID 251539765.
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  6. ^ Mole, Beth (2 October 2023). "After being demoted and forced to retire, mRNA researcher wins Nobel". Ars Technica. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Katalin Karikó". 8th International mRNA Health Conference. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e Amanda B Keener (1 September 2018). "Just the messenger". Nature Medicine. 24 (9): 1297–1300. doi:10.1038/S41591-018-0183-7. ISSN 1078-8956. PMID 30139958. S2CID 52074565. Wikidata Q91114205.
  9. ^ "Forscherin verlässt Biontech". FAZ.NET. Frankfurter Allgemeine. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Biontech's Karikó to Be Awarded Honorary Doctorate by University of Szeged". Hungary Today. 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  11. ^ a b "Nobel Prize goes to scientists behind mRNA Covid vaccines". BBC News. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  12. ^ Knox, Liam. "Demoted by Penn, Awarded a Nobel". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  13. ^ Zuckerman, Gregory (4 October 2023). "After Shunning Scientist, University of Pennsylvania Celebrates Her Nobel Prize". WSJ. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  14. ^ Cox, David. "How mRNA went from a scientific backwater to a pandemic crusher". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  15. ^ Zahneis, Megan (5 October 2023). "Penn Demoted Her. Then she won the Nobel Prize. On Katalin Karikó's triumphant vindication". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  16. ^ a b Katalin Karikó; Michael Buckstein; Houping Ni; Drew Weissman (August 2005). "Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA". Immunity. 23 (2): 165–75. doi:10.1016/J.IMMUNI.2005.06.008. ISSN 1074-7613. PMID 16111635. Wikidata Q24316383.
  17. ^ Bart R. Anderson; Hiromi Muramatsu; Subba R Nallagatla; Philip C. Bevilacqua; Lauren H. Sansing; Drew Weissman; Katalin Karikó (10 May 2010). "Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA enhances translation by diminishing PKR activation". Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (17): 5884–5892. doi:10.1093/NAR/GKQ347. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 2943593. PMID 20457754. Wikidata Q34146278.
  18. ^ Katalin Karikó; Hiromi Muramatsu; Frank A Welsh; János Ludwig; Hiroki Kato; Shizuo Akira; Drew Weissman (16 September 2008). "Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability". Molecular Therapy. 16 (11): 1833–1840. doi:10.1038/MT.2008.200. ISSN 1525-0016. PMC 2775451. PMID 18797453. Wikidata Q37416925.
  19. ^ a b c Kollewe, Julia (21 November 2020). "Covid vaccine technology pioneer: 'I never doubted it would work'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  20. ^ a b Garde, Damian; Saltzman, Jonathan (10 November 2020). "The story of mRNA: From a loose idea to a tool that may help curb Covid". STAT. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  21. ^ Avril, Tom (10 January 2023). "Penn scientists are honored for mRNA research used in COVID vaccines". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  22. ^ "Lasker-díjat kapott Karikó Katalin". telex (in Hungarian). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  23. ^ "Vaccine Scientists Are TIME's 2021 Heroes of the Year". Time. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  24. ^ "唐獎 | 唐獎得主". www.tang-prize.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  25. ^ Tudományegyetem, Szegedi (20 June 2022). "Szegedi Tudományegyetem | Karikó Katalin a tajvani Tang kitüntetéssel közelít a Nobel-díjhoz?". u-szeged.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  26. ^ a b "Tudományegyetem Szegedi – The University of Szeged congratulates its Professor, Katalin Karikó on the Nobel Prize". u-szeged.hu. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Johnson, Carolyn Y. (1 October 2021). "A one-way ticket. A cash-stuffed teddy bear. A dream decades in the making". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  28. ^ https://wmn.hu/cikk/61775/
  29. ^ Tudományegyetem, Szegedi (30 April 2021). "Szegedi Tudományegyetem | Childhood at Kisújszállás". u-szeged.hu. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  30. ^ "SZOLJON - Karikó Katalin édesapja a forradalom időszakában is példát mutatott Kisújszálláson". 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  31. ^ "Katalin Kariko, PhD profile | PennMedicine.org". www.pennmedicine.org.
  32. ^ a b c Hargittai, I; Hargittai, M (2021). "Our science and the Covid-19 pandemic-Katalin Karikó's research idea and her perseverance". Structural Chemistry. 32 (4): 1353–1356. doi:10.1007/s11224-021-01797-9. ISSN 1040-0400. PMC 8143802. PMID 34054260.
  33. ^ Gosh, R. (25 May 2021). "Katalin Karikó: Hungarian Biochemist Behind Covid Vaccine Was Once a Listed Communist Informant?". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  34. ^ Nair, Prashant (21 December 2021). "QnAs with Katalin Karikó". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (51). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11819757N. doi:10.1073/pnas.2119757118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8713962. PMID 34903673.
  35. ^ Trouillard, Stéphanie (18 December 2020). "Katalin Kariko, the scientist behind the Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine". France 24. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  36. ^ "Covid vaccine technology pioneer: 'I never doubted it would work'". The Guardian. 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  37. ^ "#147: Forging the mRNA Revolution — Katalin Karikó". The Joe Walker Podcast. 2 August 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  38. ^ Schwarz-Romond, Thomas (7 November 2016). "Transforming RNA research into future treatments: Q&A with 2 biotech leaders". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  39. ^ A Shot to Save the World: The Inside Story of the Life-or-Death Race for a COVID-19 Vaccine Archived 7 October 2024 at the Wayback Machine; p. 69; by Gregory Zuckerman; published 26 October 2021, by Penguin Books
  40. ^ Part one: The true story of the COVID-19 vaccines Archived 6 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine, by Rick Morton, in The Saturday Paper; published 11 December 2021 (no. 379); retrieved 4 October 2023
  41. ^ Neill, Ushma S. (2021). "A conversation with Katalin Karikó". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 131 (21): e155559. doi:10.1172/JCI155559. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 8553550. PMID 34720092.
  42. ^ a b c d e f De George, Matthew (2021). "The Vaccine Trenches" (PDF). The Pennsylvania Gazette. No. May/June. pp. 42–49. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  43. ^ a b Franzoni, Chiara; Stephan, Paula; Veugelers, Reinhilde (June 2021). "Funding Risky Research". doi:10.3386/w28905. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  44. ^ Ahmed, Issam (2 October 2023). "Katalin Kariko, scientific maverick who paved way for mRNA vaccines". medicalxpress.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  45. ^ a b c d e Cox, David (2 December 2020). "How mRNA went from a scientific backwater to a pandemic crusher". Wired. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  46. ^ Krammer, Florian; Palese, Peter (27 February 2024). "Profile of Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman: 2023 Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 121 (9): e2400423121. doi:10.1073/PNAS.2400423121. PMC 10907315. PMID 38381788. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  47. ^ Scales, David (12 February 2021). "How Our Brutal Science System Almost Cost Us A Pioneer Of mRNA Vaccines". WBUR-FM. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  48. ^ Wilson, Barnabas; Geetha, Kannoth Mukundan (2022). "Lipid nanoparticles in the development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19". Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 74: 103553. doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103553. ISSN 1773-2247. PMC 9238147. PMID 35783677.
  49. ^ Mueller, Benjamin; Kolata, Gina (2 October 2023). "Nobel Prize Awarded to Covid Vaccine Pioneers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  50. ^ "Katalin Karikó". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 5 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  51. ^ Żak, Magdalena M.; Zangi, Lior (13 October 2021). "Lipid Nanoparticles for Organ-Specific mRNA Therapeutic Delivery". Pharmaceutics. 13 (10): 1675. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13101675. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 8538155. PMID 34683969.
  52. ^ "Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  53. ^ Doglin, Elie (14 September 2021). "The tangled history of mRNA vaccines". Nature. 597 (7876): 318–324. Bibcode:2021Natur.597..318D. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02483-w. PMID 34522017. S2CID 237515383. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  54. ^ Kolata, Gina (15 January 2022). "Halting Progress and Happy Accidents: How mRNA Vaccines Were Made". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  55. ^ Cullis, Peter (14 April 2022). "Conversations: Learning lessons from lipids to make COVID-19 vaccines". Cell. 185 (8): 1279–1282. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.026. PMC 8979763. PMID 35385689.
  56. ^ Vardi, Nathan (17 August 2021). "Covid's Forgotten Hero: The Untold Story Of The Scientist Whose Breakthrough Made The Vaccines Possible". Forbes. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  57. ^ "Biopharmaceutical Science: Katalin Karikó". Tang Prize. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  58. ^ Verbeke, Rein; Hogan, Michael J.; Loré, Karin; Pardi, Norbert (8 November 2022). "Innate immune mechanisms of mRNA vaccines". Immunity. 55 (11): 1993–2005. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.014. ISSN 1074-7613. PMC 9641982. PMID 36351374.
  59. ^ Lee, Jisun; Woodruff, Matthew C.; Kim, Eui Ho; Nam, Jae-Hwan (July 2023). "Knife's edge: Balancing immunogenicity and reactogenicity in mRNA vaccines". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 55 (7): 1305–1313. doi:10.1038/s12276-023-00999-x. ISSN 2092-6413. PMC 10394010. PMID 37430088.
  60. ^ Li, Dongqiao; Liu, Cynthia; Li, Yingzhu; Tenchov, Rumiana; Sasso, Janet M.; Zhang, Di; Li, Dan; Zou, Lixue; Wang, Xuezhao; Zhou, Qiongqiong (14 July 2023). "Messenger RNA-Based Therapeutics and Vaccines: What's beyond COVID-19?". ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science. 6 (7): 943–969. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.3c00047. ISSN 2575-9108. PMC 10353067. PMID 37470024.
  61. ^ Jung, Han Na; Lee, Seok-Yong; Lee, Somin; Youn, Hyewon; Im, Hyung-Jun (24 October 2022). "Lipid nanoparticles for delivery of RNA therapeutics: Current status and the role of in vivo imaging". Theranostics. 12 (17): 7509–7531. doi:10.7150/thno.77259. ISSN 1838-7640. PMC 9691360. PMID 36438494.
  62. ^ Karikó, Katalin; Weissman, Drew; Welsh, Frank A. (November 2004). "Inhibition of toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling—a unifying theme in ischemic tolerance". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 24 (11): 1288–1304. doi:10.1097/01.WCB.0000145666.68576.71. ISSN 0271-678X. PMID 15545925. S2CID 16043744.
  63. ^ Rubio-Casillas, Alberto; Cowley, David; Raszek, Mikolaj; Uversky, Vladimir N.; Redwan, Elrashdy M. (2024). "Review: N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1Ψ): Friend or foe of cancer?". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 267 (Pt 1): 131427. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131427. PMID 38583833.
  64. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  65. ^ "Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel for COVID-19 vaccine discoveries". Reuters. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  66. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  67. ^ Zrt, HVG Kiadó (16 April 2024). "Karikó Katalin a Szegedi Tudományegyetemnek ajánlotta fel a Nobel-díjával járó félmillió dollárt". hvg.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  68. ^ Tudományegyetem, Szegedi (16 April 2024). "Felvételi 2024 | Szegedi Tudományegyetem | "A díjak arra valók, hogy a figyelmet a tudományra irányítsák" – mondta Karikó Katalin a Szegedi Tudományegyetem ünnepségén". u-szeged.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  69. ^ "Four scientists receive the Novo Nordisk Prize for their combined contributions to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine". Novo Nordisk Fonden. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  70. ^ Singhi, Shaurya. "Penn researchers behind mRNA vaccine inducted into the American National Inventors Hall of Fame". www.thedp.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  71. ^ Park, Alice (2 May 2024). "Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman". TIME. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  72. ^ "BBC 100 Women 2024: Who is on the list this year?". BBC. 3 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  73. ^ Krisztina, Balogh (25 February 2021). "Nagymama lett Karikó Katalin". index.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  74. ^ "Csodaszép Karikó Katalin unokája" [Katalin Karikó's beautiful grandson]. szeged.hu (in Hungarian). 1 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  75. ^ Barbaro, Michael (10 June 2021). "The Unlikely Pioneer Behind mRNA Vaccines". The Daily (Podcast). The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  76. ^ "The Scientist Who Saved the World". Glamour. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  77. ^ Cronce, Tracy (1 February 2023). "Debbie Dadey: Never Give Up: Dr. Kati Karikó and the Race for the Future of Vaccines (Review)". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  78. ^ Ciskowski, Megan (14 March 2023). "Never Give Up: An interview with author Debbie Dadey and illustrator Juliana Oakley". The Lerner Blog. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  79. ^ "Rights Report: Week of December 13, 2021". PublishersWeekly.com. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  80. ^ "Breaking Through: My Life in Science by Katalin Karikó". PublishersWeekly.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  81. ^ Karikó, Katalin (10 October 2023). Breaking Through: My Life in Science. Crown. ISBN 978-0-593-44316-3.
  82. ^ BREAKING THROUGH | Kirkus Reviews. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  83. ^ "Breaking Through by Katalin Karikó: 9780593443163 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  84. ^ Anita, Farkas (16 June 2024). "Karikó Katalin ezúttal irodalmi díjat kapott". Mandiner (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  85. ^ Tudományegyetem, Szegedi (18 June 2024). "Szegedi Tudományegyetem | Irodalmi díjat kapott Karikó Katalin. Önéletrajzi kötetét dedikálta az SZTE könyvheti programjain". u-szeged.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
edit
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Katalin Karikó.
 
Scholia has a profile for Katalin Karikó (Q88608397).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karikó&oldid=1262810532"