The Kansas City Blues was the primary moniker of the minor league baseball teams based in Kansas City, Missouri between 1885 and 1901. The Kansas City minor league teams played as members of the Class A level Western League in 1885 and 1887, the Western Association in 1888, 1890 and 1891, Western League in 1892, Western Association in 1893 and Western League from 1894 to 1899. The Blues transitioned to the American League in 1900, a year before the league became a major league, before returning to the Western League in 1901. The American League Blues evolved into today's Minnesota Twins. The minor league team played under the "Cowboys" moniker in 1885, 1887 and 1894. The Kansas City Blues/Cowboys played home games at Exposition Park.
| Kansas City Blues | |
|---|---|
| |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Class A (1885, 1887–1888, 1890–1901) |
| League | Western League (1885, 1887) Western Association (1888, 1890–1891) Western League (1892) Western Association (1893) Western League (1894–1899) American League (1900) Western League (1901) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | None |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (5) |
|
| Team data | |
| Name | Kansas City Cowboys (1885, 1887) Kansas City Blues (1888, 1890–1893) Kansas City Cowboys (1894) Kansas City Blues (1895–1901) |
| Ballpark | Association Park (1887) Exposition Park (1888, 1890–1901) Parade Park (1899) |
Returning to Western League play in 1901, the Blues preceded the Kansas City Blues franchise, who began play in the 1902 American Association. The 1902 Kansas City Blue Stockings were a new franchise who replaced the Blues as members of the Western League.
The major league Kansas City Cowboys also played in Kansas City during the Western Association Kansas City Blues era.
Baseball Hall of Fame members Kid Nichols played for the 1888 Kansas City Blues and Joe McGinnity for the 1894 team.
History
editWestern League/Western Association 1885–1888
editThe 1885 Kansas City Cowboys began minor league play as charter members of the Western League. Kansas City joined the Cleveland Forest Citys, Indianapolis Hoosiers, Milwaukee Milwaukees, Omaha and Toledo Avengers teams in the six–team Western League. Kansas City placed third, playing the season under manager Ted Sullivan, who also served as the league president. With a record of 17–13, Kansas City finished 9.0 games behind the first place Indianapolis Hoosiers in the final standings. Darby O'Brien of Kansas City led the Western League in batting average, hitting.362. Kansas City did not field a team in the 1886 Western League.[1][2]
After not fielding a 1886 team, Kansas City returned to minor league play, rejoining the 1887 Western League. The 1887 Kansas City Cowboys placed third in the ten–team Western League with a record of 58–54, playing under managers Joe Ellick and Bradley Patterson. Kansas City finished 30.0 games behind the first place Topeka Golden Giants in the final standings.[3]
In 1888, the Kansas City Blues continued minor league play, becoming members of the eight–team Class A level Western Association, as the Kansas City Cowboys began play in the Union Association. The Blues began 1888 Western Association play with the Chicago Maroons, Des Moines Prohibitionists Milwaukee Brewers, Minneapolis Millers, Omaha Omahogs, St. Paul Apostles and St. Louis Whites joining Kansas City in the league.[4][5]
The president of the Chicago Maroons franchise was Sam Morton, who also was serving a dual role as president of the Western Association in 1888.[6]
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The Kansas City Blues won the 1888 Western Association championship. The Blues began Western Association play on April 28, 1888, and finished the season in first place, playing under player/manager Jim Manning. With a record of 76–42, Kansas City finished 0.5 game ahead of the second place Des Moines Prohibitionists in the final 1888 standings. Spud Johnson of Kansas City led the Western Association in batting average, hitting .342. Player/manager Jim Manning led the league with 101 stolen bases and 123 runs scored. Kansas City did not return to the 1889 Western Association.[7][8][4][9]
Baseball Hall of Fame member Kid Nichols played for the 1888 Kansas City Blues at age 18. Nichols pitched to a league leading 16–2 record and 1.14 ERA, pitching 18 complete games in 18 starts for the Blues.[10][11]
Western League/Western Association 1890–1901
editIn 1890, the Kansas City Blues returned to Western Association play and won a second league championship. With a record of 78–39, Kansas City finished first in the standings of the eight–team league under managers Charlie Hackett and Jim Manning. Kansas City finished 1.0 game ahead of the second place Minneapolis Millers. Buster Hoover of Kansas City led the Western Association in hitting, with a batting average of .336, while Jim Manning led the league with 96 stolen bases.[12][13][14][15][11]
The 1891 Kansas City Blues finished second in the Western Association behind the Sioux City Cornhuskers. The Blues finished with a record of 66–59, just 1.0 game behind Sioux City, who finished 66–57 in the eight–team league. The Milwaukee Brewers were leading the standings in 1891, when they withdrew on August 16, 1893, with a 59–37 record to join the American Association. Kansas City was again managed by Jim Manning.[16][17][18][19][20][11]
Kansas City continued minor league play 1892, rejoining the renamed Western League, which folded during the season. In February 1892, Jim Manning signed with Kansas City to again manage and play second base. The Kansas City correspondent to The Sporting Life wrote at the time: "The news that Manning is to be with us again was hailed with satisfaction by his great army of friends, who have learned to admire him as a player and a gentleman during his many years' service in Kansas City. It may be put down as certain that no club in the Western League will have a better manager or as good a second baseman as Jimmy Manning."[21]
The Kansas City Blues finished in third place as the Class A level Western League disbanded on July 17, 1892. The Blues had a 33–33 record under Jim Manning when the league folded. The 1892 team is also referred to as the "Cowboys" in some references. Kansas City was in third place, behind the first place Columbus Reds (46–20) and second place Milwaukee Brewers when the league folded. The Omaha Omahogs had a 31–31 record and were at .500 with Kansas City.[22][23][24][25]
In 1893, the Kansas City Blues continued play as members of the Class A level Western Association, as the league reduced in size to play as a four-team league. Kansas City began 1893 play with the Lawrence Jayhawks, St. Joseph Saints and Topeka Populists joining the Blues in Western Association play.[26]
The Kansas City Blues won the 1893 Western Association championship, as the league folded during the season. After beginning play on May 1, 1893, the Western Association folded June 20, 1893, Kansas City, also referred in some references as the "Cowboys" in 1893, had a record of 12–8, playing under manager William Lucas and finishing 0.5 game ahead of the second place St. Joseph Saints. The Kansas Blues (12–8), St. Joseph Saints (11–8) and Topeka Populists (8–12) and Lawrence Jayhawks (7–12) made up in the 1893 Western Association standings.[27][28][26]
In the fall of 1893, Jim Manning was one of the three principal organizers of the new Western League, along with Charlie Cushman and John S. Barnes. The Western League was later renamed the American League in 1900.[29] In September 1893, Manning visited Kansas City to lay the groundwork for establishing a new baseball club, including securing an option to play home games at the Exposition baseball grounds.[30][31] The Kansas City Journal at the time called Manning "the most popular ball player who ever wore a Kansas City uniform." Manning told the press in Kansas City, "I spent six years here. Kansas City is like home to me ... If I put a new team here next year, as I hope to, it will be a winner, for that is what this town wants and what it demands."[32]
In November 1893, the Western League was formally established with Manning as the owner of the Kansas City Blues.[33]
In 1894, the Kansas City Blues franchise continued minor league play as members of the eight-team Western League, which was now under the direction of Hall of Fame member Ban Johnson. The 1894 team is listed in some references as the "Kansas City Cowboys." This franchise would evolve to become today's Minnesota Twins. The Kansas City Blues ended the 1894 season with a record of 68–58, placing third in the Western League, finishing 6.5 games behind the first place Sioux City Corn Huskers. Team owner Jim Manning continued as the Kansas City manager, also playing second base. Hall of Fame member Joe McGinnity pitched for the 1894 Kansas City Blues at age 22. McGinnity had an 8–9 record with a 4.09 ERA in 19 appearances for the Blues.[34][35][36][37][38][39]
The 1895 Kansas City Blues finished in third place in the eight–team Western League. With Jim Manning continuing as manager, Kansas City ended the 1895 season with a 73–52 record, finishing 7.0 games behind the Indianapolis Hoosiers in the final standings.[40][41][42]
Continuing 1896 Western League play, the Kansas City Blues placed fifth in the eight–team league. With a record of 69–66 under Jim Manning, Kansas City finished 19.5 games behind the first place Minneapolis Millers in the final standings.[43][44][45]
After many seasons of success on the field, the 1897 Kansas City Blues team suffered a losing season and placed seventh in the standings. The Blues finished the Western League season with a 40–99 record, finishing 60.0 games behind the first place Indianapolis Indians, as Jim Manning again served as manager.[46][47][48]
The 1898 Kansas City Blues rebounded from a poor 1898 season to capture the 1898 Western League Championship. Kansas City finished the 1898 season with a record of 88–51 as Jim Manning led the team to the championship. The Blues finished 1.5 games ahead of the second place Indianapolis Hoosiers in the final standings.[49][50][51]
In 1899, the Blues ended their run of consecutive seasons of Western League play. The Kansas City Blues placed seventh in the Western League Standings. Kansas City finished the 1899 season with a record of 53–70, as Jim Manning continued his manager run. Kansas City finished 22.5 games behind the first place Indianapolis Hoosiers[52][53][54]
1900 American League
editIn 1900, the Kansas City Blues franchise remained as the Western League evolved to become the American League under the direction of league president Ban Johnson. The American League played the 1900 season as a Class A level minor league. A newly formed Western League played in 1900 without a Kansas City franchise. The Blues placed fifth in the American League standings, remaining under manager Jim Manning. With a 69–70 record, the Blues finished 15.0 games behind the first place Chicago White Stockings. The Milwaukee Brewers, Indianapolis Hoosiers and Detroit Tigers finished in second through fourth place. Kansas City finished ahead of the Cleveland Lake Shores, Buffalo Bisons and Minneapolis Millers in the final 1900 American League standings.[55][56][57]
Kansas City Blues manager/president Jim Manning was one of the organizers of the American League as a major league. Manning attended the organizational meeting in Chicago, Illinois in November 1900, as the representative of the Kansas City Blues, along with Charles Comiskey of Chicago, John McGraw of Baltimore, James D. Burns of Detroit and Henry Killilea of Milwaukee.[58] At the meeting, it was decided that the new American League would become a major league and would not have a team in Kansas City, instead moving the franchise to Washington D.C. Manning was assigned responsibility for the proposed new club in Washington, D.C. Afterward, Manning stated: "I am reconciled to the idea of (Kansas City) moving into Washington. I will take my team there bodily, will add a couple of National Leaguers and will show them that American League ball is a long way faster than they imagine."[58][59][60]
1901 Western League
editIn 1901, the Kansas City Blues American League franchise relocated to become the Washington Senators, with Jim Manning managing the Senators to a 60–71 record in the first major league season of the American League. The minor league Kansas City Blues franchise was reformed and the team rejoined the eight–team 1901 Western League. Returning to Western League play, the Blues won the 1901 Western League championship. The Blues finished the 1901 season with a 79–44 record under manager George Tebeau, finishing 10.0 games ahead of the second place St. Paul Saints in the final league standings.[61][62][63]
In 1902, the Kansas City Blue Stockings franchise was formed by Jim Manning and Kid Nichols to continue play in the Western League, while the Kansas City Blues franchise became members of the American Association.[1]
The ballparks
editThe Kansas City Blues and Cowboys teams played home games at Exposition Park. The ballpark was located at Truman Avenue & Montgall Avenue, Kansas City, Missouri.[64][65]
On August 28, 1894, Exposition Park was site of one of the first night games when the Kansas City Blues hosted the Sioux City Cornhuskers. 3,000 fans were in attendance for the night game.[66]
The 1887, Kansas City Cowboys were noted to have played home games at Association Park. The ballpark was located at Lydia Avenua and Tracy Avenue, Kansas City, Missouri.[67]
In 1899, the Kansas City Blues played some home games at Parade Park. The park is still in use today as a public park with a major league baseball academy. The site is at 1600 Buck O'Neill Way, Kansas City Missouri, located just behind the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum.[68][69][70]
Timeline
edit| Year(s) | # Yrs. | Team | Level | League | Ballpark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1885, 1887 | 2 | Kansas City Cowboys | Class A | Western League | Association Park |
| 1888, 1890–1891 | 3 | Kansas City Blues | Western Association | Exposition Park | |
| 1892 | 1 | Western League | |||
| 1893 | 1 | Western Association | |||
| 1894 | 1 | Kansas City Cowboys | Western League | ||
| 1895–1899 | 5 | Kansas City Blues | |||
| 1900 | 1 | American League | |||
| 1901 | 1 | Western League |
Year–by–year records
edit| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1885 | 17–13 | 3rd | Ted Sullivan | No playoffs held |
| 1887 | 58–54 | 3rd | Joe Ellick / Bradley Patterson | No playoffs held |
| 1888 | 76–42 | 1st | Jim Manning | League Champions |
| 1890 | 78–39 | 1st | Charlie Hackett / Jim Manning | League Champions |
| 1891 | 66–59 | 2nd | Jim Manning | No playoffs held |
| 1892 | 33–33 | 3rd | Jim Manning | League folded July 17 |
| 1893 | 12–8 | 1st | William Lucas | League folded June 20 League Champions |
| 1894 | 68–58 | 3rd | Jim Manning | No playoffs held |
| 1895 | 73–52 | 3rd | Jim Manning | No playoffs held |
| 1896 | 69–66 | 5th | Jim Manning | No playoffs held |
| 1897 | 40–99 | 7th | Jim Manning | No playoffs held |
| 1898 | 88–51 | 1st | Jim Manning | League Champions |
| 1899 | 53–70 | 7th | Jim Manning | No playoffs held |
| 1900 | 69–70 | 5th | Jim Manning | No playoffs held American League |
| 1901 | 79–44 | 1st | George Tebeau | League Champions |
Notable alumni
editBaseball Hall of Fame alumni
edit- Kid Nichols (1888) Inducted, 1949
- Joe McGinnity (1894) Inducted, 1946
Notable alumni
edit- Gus Alberts (1892)
- Wyman Andrus (1892)
- Joe Ardner (1888)
- Bill Armour (1893)
- Ollie Beard (1894)
- Charlie Bell (1890)
- Monte Beville (1901)
- Red Bittmann (1890)
- Kitty Brashear (1901)
- Ernie Burch (1885)
- Jim Burns (1890)
- Ike Butler (1901)
- Count Campau (1888)
- Jack Carney (1892)
- Hick Carpenter (1890–1891)
- Scrappy Carroll (1891)
- Ed Cartwright (1888)
- Eli Cates (1900)
- Billy Clingman (1900)
- Billy Colgan (1885)
- Jim Conway (1888, 1890–1891)
- Bill Coughlin (1900)
- Sam Crane (1887)
- Bert Cunningham (1893)
- Jim Curtiss (1888)
- Pete Daniels (1894)
- George Darby (1894)
- Dan Daub (1900)
- Harry Decker (1885)
- Jim Donahue (1890)
- Tim Donahue (1894)
- Harry Dooms (1887)
- Conny Doyle (1885)
- Bill Dugan (1885)
- Ed Dugan (1885)
- Sam Dungan (1900)
- Joe Ellick (1885) (1887, MGR)
- Bob Ewing (1901)
- John Farrell (1900)
- Elmer Foster (1891)
- John Ganzel (1900)
- Dale Gear (1900)
- Norwood Gibson (1900–1901)
- Frank Graves (1887)
- Chummy Gray (1900)
- Joe Gunson (1888, 1891)
- Walter Hackett (1885)
- George Haddock (1887)
- Scott Hardesty (1901)
- Bill Hassamaer (1887-1888)
- Charlie Hastings (1894)
- Charlie Hemphill (1900)
- Moxie Hengel (1887)
- Tom Hernon (1894)
- John Hofford (1887)
- George Hogreiver (1891)
- Will Holland (1890)
- Buster Hoover (1890-1891)
- Shorty Howe (1887)
- Charlie Hoover (1887, 1890)
- Jim Hughey (1892)
- Bill Husted (1891)
- Lou Johnson (1891)
- Spud Johnson (1888)
- Bill Joyce (1887)
- Ed Keas (1887)
- John Keefe (1891)
- Fred Ketchum (1901)
- Walt Kinzie (1887)
- Bill Kling (1894)
- Bill Krieg (1888)
- Fred Lake (1892)
- Watty Lee (1900)
- Jim Lillie (1887)
- Billy Klusman (1894)
- Herman Long (1888)
- Dad Lytle (1892)
- Jim Manning (1887–1888), (1890–1900, MGR)
- Tim Manning (1887)
- Tom Mansell (1887)
- George Mappes (1887)
- Hal Mauck (1894)
- Ed Mayer (1892)
- John McCarty (1887, 1890–1891)
- Dan McFarlan (1894)
- Larry McKeon (1887)
- Jack McMahon (1892)
- Frank McManus (1900)
- Mart McQuaid (1892)
- Tom Messitt (1901)
- Dusty Miller (1901)
- Hugh Nicol (1890)
- Sam Nicholl (1894)
- Bill Niles (1894)
- Billy O'Brien (1885)
- Jack O'Brien (1900–1901)
- Tom O'Brien (1885)
- Casey Patten (1900)
- Harley Payne (1891–1892)
- Frank Pears (1890–1891, 1893)
- Chick Pedroes (1893)
- John Pickett (1891)
- Harry Raymond (1887)
- George Rettger (1901)
- Charlie Reynolds (1888)
- Frank Ringo (1887)
- John Roach (1891)
- Rabbit Robinson (1901)
- Germany Schaefer (1900)
- Milt Scott (1887)
- Emmett Seery (1885)
- Mike Shea (1887)
- Mike Smith (1890–1891)
- George Stallings (1894)
- John Sowders (1891)
- Dan Stearns (1890–1891)
- Ace Stewart (1900)
- Fleury Sullivan (1885)
- Ted Sullivan (1885, MGR)
- John Sullivan (1900)
- Park Swartzel (1888, 1890–1891)
- Art Sunday (1892)
- George Tebeau (1901, MGR)
- Billy Taylor (1885)
- Tom Thomas (1900)
- Bill Traffley (1893)
- Fred Underwood (1891)
- George Ulrich (1894)
- Peek-A-Boo Veach (1885)
- Joe Visner (1885)
- Butts Wagner (1900)
- Charlie Weber (1891)
- Jake Weimer (1901)
- Jake Wells (1888)
- Jack Wentz (1894)
- Milt Whitehead (1885)
- Parke Wilson (1900)
- Barney Wolfe (1901)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "KC'S ALL-TIME TEAMS". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
- ^ "1885 Kansas City Cowboys Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1887 Kansas City Cowboys Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ a b "1888 Western Association (WA) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1888 Western Association". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ Pajot, Dennis (September 30, 2009). The Rise of Milwaukee Baseball: The Cream City from Midwestern Outpost to the Major Leagues, 1859-1901. McFarland. ISBN 9780786439515 – via Google Books.
- ^ "1888 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1889 Western Association (WA) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1888 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "Kid Nichols Minor Leagues Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ a b c Maddon, W.C. & Stewart, Patrick. (2002) The Western League: A baseball history 1885 through 1995. McFarland & Company ISBN 0-7864-1003-5
- ^ "1890 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1890 Western Association". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1890 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1890 Western Association (WA) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1891 Western Association". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1891 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1891 Western Association (WA) minor league baseball Standings on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1891 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1891 Milwaukee Brewers minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "Kansas City Briefs: Jimmy Manning Re-Engaged as Manager of the Local Club" (PDF). The Sporting Life. March 5, 1892. p. 11.
- ^ "1892 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1892 Western League (WL) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1892 Western League". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1892 Kansas City Cowboys Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ a b "1893 Western Association". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1893 Western League (WL) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1893 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "Western Echoes: Some Comment Upon the Recent Meeting in Indianapolis" (PDF). The Sporting Life. December 9, 1883. p. 1.
- ^ "Manning's Move: Working to Secure the Kansas City Franchise in the New Western League" (PDF). The Sporting Life. September 16, 1893. p. 1.
- ^ "Kansas City Stirred Up: Manning Secures an Option on a Ball Park for '94" (PDF). The Sporting Life. September 23, 1893. p. 1.
- ^ "Wants a Ball Club Here: James H. Manning in the City with a Project; He Wants a Club Here Next Year" (PDF). The Kansas City Journal. September 7, 1893. p. 2.
- ^ "Mention by Manning: He Says He Will Give Kansas City a Strong Team" (PDF). The Sporting Life. December 2, 1893. p. 1.
- ^ "1894 Western League". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1894 Kansas City Cowboys Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1894 Western League (WL) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1894 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "Joe McGinnity Minor Leagues Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "Minnesota Twins". Meet Minneapolis.
- ^ "1895 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1895 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1895 Western League (WL) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1896 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1896 Western League (WL) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1896 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1897 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1897 Western League (WL) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1897 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1898 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1898 Western League (WL) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1898 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1899 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1899 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1899 Western League (WL) minor league baseball on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1900 Kansas City Blues minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "1900 American League". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1900 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ a b "Bosses' Caucus: A Secret Caucus of the Men Who Run the Machine at Which Things Are Fixed" (PDF). The Sporting Life. December 1, 1900. p. 5.
- ^ "Manning's Move: The Alien Has About Decided to Desert the City That Fostered Him So Long" (PDF). The Sporting Life. December 1, 1900. p. 5.
- ^ "Manning's Chance: To Enter His City in a Real Major League" (PDF). The Sporting Life. October 27, 1900. p. 2.
- ^ "Jim Manning Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ "1901 Kansas City Blues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
- ^ Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (Third ed.). Baseball America. ISBN 978-1932391176.
- ^ "Exposition Park in Kansas City, MO minor league baseball history and teams on StatsCrew.com". Statscrew.com.
- ^ "Exposition Park". projectballpark.org.
- ^ "Night Baseball Exposition Park August 28, 1894". Springfield Leader and Press. August 29, 1894. p. 8 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Lowry, Philip J. (1992). Green Cathedrals: The Ultimate Celebration of All 271 Major League and Negro League Ballparks Past and Present. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-56777-6
- ^ "Parade Park to be turned into a Major League Baseball urban youth academy". September 25, 2015.
- ^ "Mayor James, Royals, Major League Baseball Break Ground on $14 Million Kansas City MLB Urban Youth Academy at Parade Park". kcparks.org.
- ^ "The Parade - KC Parks and Rec". kcparks.org.