The Kangly (康曷利;[1] pinyin: Kānghélì; Middle Chinese (ZS): /kʰɑŋ-ɦɑt̚-liɪH/ or 康里 pinyin: Kānglĭ < MC-ZS: /kʰɑŋ-lɨX/;[2]Karakhanid: قنكلى, romanized: Kaɣnï or قنكلى romanised: Kaŋlï, also spelled Qaŋlï,[3] Qanglı, Kanly, Kangly, Qangli, Kangli or Kankali) were a Turkic people of Eurasia who were active from the Tang dynasty up to the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty.
Origins
editThey may be related to the Kipchaks or Pechenegs, or they may have been a branch of the Kök Turks who were conquered by the Tang dynasty of China.[citation needed]
Erkoç (2023) proposes that the Qaŋlï originated from among Tiele tribes (*Tägräk).[3]
Historical references
edit
Kara-Khanid lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari mentioned a Kipchak chief surnamed Qanglı and simply glossed Qanglı as "a wagon for carrying load".[5] Supposedly, they might be identified as[6] or closely related to Kipchaks;[7] or formed part of the Pechenegs,[8] or were of Tiele origin.[3]
Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII mentions three Pecheneg tribes collectively known as the Kangar in his De Administrando Imperio. Kangar is associated with Kang territory and probably with the Kangaris people and the city of Kangu Tarban, mentioned in the Kul Tigin inscription of the Orkhon Turkic peoples.[9]
Still, the relationship between the Kanglys, the Kangars, and the Kangaris / Kengeres (allies of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate against the Western Turkic Khaganate), is still unclear.
They may have even been a branch of the Göktürks, who were conquered by the Tang dynasty of China.[citation needed].
Peter Golden and Istvan Vásáry propose their name derives from the region Kang (ha) (= K'ang-chü of the Chinese sources = Syr Darya region).[10] However, the Tang dynasty historical text Tang Huiyao apparently distinguished the Kangheli (= Kangly) from the Kang nation, another name of the Kangju nation, by distinguishing the Kangheli's horses from the Kang nation's horses, identified with the Dayuan horses.[11]
History
editAfter the fall of the Pecheneg Khanate in the early 10th century, the role of the Kanglys became prominent. Different Pontic Steppe's Turkic nomadic peoples, who might have been separate and distinct earlier, would eventually become assimilated into each other by the 13th century. The eastern grouping of Cumania was indeed known as Qanglı (Latin: Cangle).[12]
Many Kangly warriors joined the Khwarezmid Empire in the 11th century. In 1175 some of them lived north of Lake Balkhash and transferred their allegiance from the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) to the Jin dynasty.[13]
They were conquered by Genghis Khan's armies during the Mongol conquest of Central Asia in 1219–1223. All Kanglys in Bukhara who were taller than a wheel, were slain by the Mongols. Jochi subdued remnants who still lived in the land of the Kyrghyz and Kipchak steppes in 1225. Khwarizmi Kangly remnants submitted to Great Khan Ögedei after a long resistance under Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu against his general Chormaqan and governor Chin-temur. After the Mongol conquest, the remaining Kanglys were absorbed into other Turks and Mongols. Some of them who served in the Yuan dynasty became Kharchins.
There are Kangly clans among the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Bashkirs, Nogais, Karakalpaks and Yakuts (Sakha).
Notable people
edit- Hama (Yuan dynasty), an official of the Yuan dynasty of China
- Älihan Smaiylov, current prime minister of Kazakhstan
References
edit- ^ Tang Huiyao, Ch. 72 "康曷利馬。印宅。" Kangheli's horses; tamga [resembles] [character] 宅
- ^ History of Yuan, vol. 205 txt "哈麻，字士廉，康里人" "Hama, courtesy name Shilian, a man of the Kangli (tribe)"
- ^ a b c Erkoç, Hayrettin İhsan (2023). "On the origins and emergence of the Qaŋlï Turks". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, p. 1-19. doi:10.1017/S0041977X23000514. Abstract
- ^ Hasan Eren (1999). Türk dilinin etimolojik sözlüğü. p. 200.
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 272-273.
- ^ The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, pg 272
- ^ Thomas T. Allsen, "Prelude to the western campaigns: Mongol military operations in the Volga- Ural region, 1217- 1237", Architum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, pp. 5-24
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 272-273.
- ^ The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, pg 272
- ^ Golden, Peter Benjamin. Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. p. 152.
- ^ Tang Huiyao, Ch. 72, sec. 85 "康國馬。康居國也。是大宛馬種。形容極大。武德中，康國獻四千匹。今時官馬。猶是其種。" sec. 113 "康曷利馬。印宅。"
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 272.
- ^ Michael Biran, Empire of the Kara Kitai, page 57
Sources
edit- Rashiduddin Fazlullah's Jamiʻuʼt-tawarikh by Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb, translated and edited by Wheeler McIntosh Thackston.
- The Mongols - A History by Jeremiah Curtin.