Juan García Abrego[3][4] (born September 13, 1944) is a Mexican convicted drug lord and former leader of the Gulf Cartel, a criminal group based in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. He started in the cartel under the tutelage of his uncle Juan Nepomuceno Guerra.
| Juan García Abrego | |
|---|---|
 | |
| FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive | |
| Charges | 22 counts of drug trafficking |
| Description | |
| Born | September 13, 1944
|
| Status | |
| Penalty | Life in prison |
| Status | Imprisoned at Hazelton USP[2] |
| Added | March 9, 1995 |
| Caught | January 14, 1996 |
| Number | 440 |
| Captured | |
Criminal career
editReports date his trafficking career beginning in the mid-1970s, exporting marijuana from Mexico into the U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana and Florida. In the early 1980s he began incorporating cocaine into the cartel's trafficking operations.[5] United States intelligence reports state Guerra reared his nephew on car theft before passing down his criminal enterprise.[6] García Abrego was involved in car theft activities since the 1970s along with his best friend Líctor Hazael Marroquín García.[3][7] The exact date of succession is unknown; however, law enforcement officials recall an incident on January 27, 1987, when Tomás Morlet, former officer in an elite Mexican police force turned national trafficker, exchanged harsh words with García Abrego and was later found, shot twice in the back in the doorway of Guerra's Piedras Negras Restaurant.[6]
García Abrego is widely known for innovating Mexican trafficking operations, turning them from smugglers into suppliers. By renegotiating deals with the Cali Cartel, García Abrego was able to secure 50% of every shipment out of Colombia as payment for delivery, instead of the US$1,500 per kilo they were previously receiving.[5][8] The renegotiating, however, brought a price: the cartel would have to guarantee any shipment from Colombia to its destination. This change forced García Abrego to begin stockpiling hundreds of tons of cocaine along Mexico's northern border in warehouses;[8] however, this allowed him to set up his own distribution network and expand his political influence.[5] By the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, it was estimated García Abrego was smuggling over 300 metric tons per year across the Mexico–United States border.[8]
Once the cocaine crossed the border into the United States it was believed to reach distribution networks across the country in cities such as San Antonio, Houston and New York City, with smaller elements in Dallas, Chicago, New Orleans, Oklahoma City, California and Arizona.[9]
In addition to transporting cocaine for the Cali Cartel, it was believed the García Abrego cartel would also ship large quantities of cash to be laundered. The United States Department of Justice would confiscate over US$53 million between 1989 and 1993 that was being laundered through two corrupt American Express employees as proof of such large scale operations.[10] In 1994, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) believed García Abrego was making as much as US$10 billion per year in profit.[5] The following years Fortune Magazine estimated the García Abrego empire to be worth US$15 billion.[11]
García Abrego was also involved in providing protection to other cartels wishing to operate within corridors already claimed by his organization. In the mid-1980s, Carlos Reséndez set up a meeting between García Abrego and Gernando "El Aguacate" Martínez, regarding permission for Martínez to move cocaine through Matamoros. García Abrego permitted him to do so in exchange for US$200k per airplane flying through the region.
It was later revealed to García Abrego that Martínez began moving planes through the region without paying the fee. García Abrego reached out to an FBI agent, Claudio de la O., whom he was bribing, to have the men taken care of. Claudio de la O. alluded to having the men killed, however they were taken into custody.[12]
Corruption in Mexico
editJuan García Abrego's web of corruption was believed to stretch to all aspects of the Ernesto Zedillo government. Upon García Abrego's arrest a book detailing the scale of bribery was located. From examining the contents it became known that the head of Federal Judicial Police (FJP) was receiving US$1 million, force operations chief was receiving US$500,000 and the federal police commander of the Gulf Cartels base of operations in Matamoros, was receiving US$100,000.[13]
The book categorized the payments not so much as bribes but rather as what García Abrego considered a tax on business.[13] In an article published in the Mexican daily El Financiero it was alleged García Abrego had infiltrated 95% of the Attorney General's Office.[5] It would later be revealed that a commander in the Attorney General of Mexico (PGR), López Parra, was receiving US$1.5 million per month in bribes; López Parra was the head of northern Mexico.[12]
Corruption in the United States
editGarcía Abrego's ties extended beyond the Mexican government and into the United States. With the arrest of one of García Abrego's traffickers, Juan Antonio Ortiz, it became known the cartel would ship tons of cocaine in United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) buses between the years of 1986 to 1990. The buses made great transportation, as Antonio Ortiz noted, since they were never stopped at the border.[14]
It also became known that, in addition to the INS bus scam, García Abrego had a "special deal" with members of the Texas National Guard who would truck tons of cocaine and marijuana from South Texas to Houston for the cartel.[14]
García Abrego's reach became known when a United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent named Claude de la O., in 1986, stated in testimony against García Abrego that he received over US$100,000 in bribes and had leaked information that could have endangered an FBI informant as well as Mexican journalists. In 1989, Claude was removed from the case for unknown reasons, retiring a year later. García Abrego bribed the agent in an attempt to gather more information on U.S. law enforcement operations.[15][16]
García Abrego's arrest was even subject to allegations of corruption. It is believed the Mexican government knew all García Abrego's whereabouts all along and had refused to arrest him due to information he possessed about the extent of corruption within the government. The arresting officer, an FJP commander, is believed[by whom?] to have received a bulletproof Mercury Grand Marquis and US$500,000 from a rival cartel for enacting García Abrego's arrest.[17]
Further theories[whose?] allege that García Abrego was arrested to satisfy U.S. demands and meet certification, from the Department of Justice (DOJ), as a trade partner. García Abrego was apprehended on January 14, 1996, and Mexico received certification on March 1.[18]
Enforcement
editIt is believed that on May 16, 1984, García Abrego ordered a hit on rival trafficker Casimiro Espinosa. The murder attempt failed, leaving Casimiro injured. The following day gunmen shot their way into Raya Clinic, a private hospital, looking for Casimiro. In the ten-minute shootout that followed, 300 rounds were fired and multiple innocent people were killed, including a security guard, a husband and child, and a bedridden woman. Casimiro died the next day from injuries sustained in the shootout.[16]
Two years after the 1984 clinic shootout, Ernesto Flores, an editor for the Mexican daily newspaper El Popular, was executed. It is believed García Abrego ordered the hit after being aggravated with their coverage of the cartel's deeds. Flores car was sprayed with gunfire by gunmen waiting at the entrance to the newspaper's offices. Norma Morena, a reporter for the newspaper, was also killed in the attack.[16]
In 1991, a principal member of the Gulf Cartel, Tomás "Gringo" Sánchez, ordered the killing of a Colombian drug trafficker in a prison in Matamoros. The killing was not authorized by García Abrego, and a riot subsequently broke out, killing two members of the Gulf Cartel who were also incarcerated there. García Abrego, furious with the media attention that followed the riot, ordered the killing of Sánchez for overstepping his authority and bringing unwanted attention to the cartel.[12]
Arrest
editJuan García Abrego had grown to such lengths that he was placed on the FBI Top Ten Most Wanted List of 1995.[9][15] He has the distinction of being the first drug trafficker to ever be placed on that list. He was arrested on a ranch outside of Monterrey on January 14, 1996.
He was quickly extradited to the United States, where he stood trial eight months after his arrest. García Abrego was convicted on 22 counts including money laundering, drug trafficking, intent to distribute and running an ongoing criminal enterprise. After a four-week trial, a jury needed only 12 hours to convict García Abrego on all charges. He was sentenced by presiding judge Ewing Werlein, Jr., to 11 consecutive life terms, and is currently incarcerated at USP Hazelton in Preston County, West Virginia.
In addition to the prison sentencing, García Abrego was forced to turn over millions in illegal proceeds. The United States Government requested US$1.05 billion but the jury, after an hour of deliberation, agreed to only US$350 million. García Abrego's lawyer, Mr. Canales, stated it was "a symbolic grab at nothing" since García Abrego did not reside in the United States or have any assets in the country.[19]
Prior to García Abrego's arrest he had been discussing terms in which he would surrender to authorities. Those terms included medical treatment for his jailed brother's diabetes, one last trip to Colombia before his surrender, conjugal visits from his mistress, to be jailed in Guadalajara with some of his lieutenants for his own protection, and to allow himself to be taken in by the police commander of his choice. Mexican government officials however denied the requests.[20][21]
Following the arrest of García Abrego, Osiel Cárdenas Guillen took over the cartel. Cárdenas was known for founding the para-military group Los Zetas as enforcers for the Gulf Cartel. Cárdenas was captured by the Mexican Army after a battle on March 14, 2003 in Matamoros.[22]
In February 2010, Los Zetas engaged in a violent turf war against its former employer/partner, the Gulf Cartel, in the border city of Reynosa.[23][24][25]
Media portrayals
editIn Narcos: Mexico, García Abrego is portrayed by Flavio Medina.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Martinez, Laura B. (August 27, 2014). "Reputed drug kingpin fights for citizenship". Valley Star.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator". Federal Bureau of Prisons. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
Register Number: 09935-000
- ^ a b "En los pasados seis años, el Cártel del Golfo introdujo cerca de 750 toneladas de cocaína pura a Estados Unidos". Proceso (in Spanish). January 20, 1996. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018.
- ^ Helen Thorpe (January 1998). "Anatomy of a Drug Cartel". Texas Monthly.
- ^ a b c d e Cockburn, Alexander; Jeffrey St. Clair (1998). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. Verso Publishers. pp. 361. ISBN 1-85984-139-2.
- ^ a b Dillon, Sam (February 9, 1996). "Matamoros Journal; Canaries Sing in Mexico, but Uncle Juan Will Not". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
- ^ Thomas, V. Bailey (1978). United States of America v. Lictor Hazael Marroquin-Garcia. Brownsville, Texas: United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
- ^ a b c Lupsha, Peter (Spring 1995). "Transnational Narco – Corruption and Narco – Investment: A Focus on Mexico". Public Broadcasting Service. University of New Mexico. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ a b "Mexican Drug Fugitive Named To FBI's "Most Wanted" List". United States Department of Justice. March 9, 1995. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ Constantine, Thomas A. (August 8, 1995). "International Drug Trafficking Organizations in Mexico". Washington, D.C.: Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ Gray, Mike (2000). Drug Crazy: How We Got Into This Mess and How We Can Get Out. Routledge. pp. 230. ISBN 0-415-92647-5.
- ^ a b c UNITED STATES of America v. Juan GARCIA ABREGO. United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit. May 6, 1998. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
- ^ a b Farer, Tom J.; Jon R. Stone (1999). Transnational Crime in the Americas: An Inter-American Dialogue Book. Routledge. pp. 204. ISBN 0-415-92300-X.
- ^ a b Weinberg, Bill (2000). Homage to Chiapas: The New Indigenous Struggles in Mexico. Verso Publishers. pp. 371. ISBN 1-85984-372-7.
- ^ a b "At Drug Trial, Mexican Suspect Faces Accuser". New York Times. September 20, 1996. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ a b c Dillon, Sam (February 4, 1996). "Mexican Drug Gang's Reign of Blood". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ Bailey, John J; Roy Godson (2001). Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.–Mexican Borderlands. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-8229-5758-2.
- ^ Harrison, Lawrence E. (1997). The Pan-American Dream: Do Latin America's Cultural Values Discourage True Partnership with the United States and Canada?. Westview Press. pp. 227, 228. ISBN 0-8133-3470-5.
- ^ "U.S. Jury Convicts Mexican on Drug Charges". New York Times. October 17, 1996. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ Dillon, Sam (January 20, 1996). "Accused Mexican Narcotics Trafficker Is Said to Offer to Answer All Questions". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ Golden, Tim (August 23, 1995). "A Drug Figure Is Said to Offer To Surrender To Mexicans". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ "Drug boss captured in Mexico". BBC News. March 15, 2003. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
- ^ "Drug Wars in Tamaulipas: Cartels vs. Zetas vs. the Military". Center for Latin American and Border Studies. MexiData. March 1, 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
- ^ Robin, Emmott (March 5, 2010). "Mexico drug gang rift spurs new burst of killings". Vision. Reuters. Retrieved March 6, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jaime, Hernández (March 4, 2010). "EU: alarma guerra "Zetas"-El Golfo" (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2010.