Juan Galo Lavalle (17 October 1797 – 9 October 1841) was an Argentine military and political figure, from the Unitarian Party.

Juan Lavalle
Governor of Buenos Aires province
In office
1 December 1828 – 26 June 1829
Preceded byManuel Dorrego
Succeeded byJuan José Viamonte
Personal details
Born(1797-10-17)17 October 1797
Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Died9 October 1841(1841-10-09) (aged 43)
San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentine Confederation
NationalityArgentine
Political partyUnitarian
ProfessionSoldier
Military service
AllegianceArgentina United Provinces of South America
RankGeneral
UnitArmy of the Andes
Battles/warsArgentine War of Independence
Chilean War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Cisplatine War
Decembrist revolution
Uruguayan Civil War
French blockade of the Río de la Plata
Argentine Civil Wars

Early life and education

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Lavalle was born in Buenos Aires to María Mercedes González Bordallo and Manuel José Lavalle, general accountant of rents and tobacco for the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In 1799, the family moved to Santiago de Chile, but returned to Buenos Aires in 1807.

Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, Lavalle was a freemason.[1] In 1812 Lavalle joined the Regiment of mounted grenadiers as a cadet. By 1813 he reached the grade of lieutenant and moved to the army.

Career

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Under orders of Carlos María de Alvear the army besieged Montevideo. Lavalle fought against José Gervasio Artigas in 1815 and in the Battle of Guayabos under the command of Manuel Dorrego. In 1816 Lavalle moved to Mendoza to join the Army of the Andes of the "liberator" José de San Martín and fought in Chacabuco and the Maipú in Chile. He continued along with San Martín on his way to Peru and Ecuador and took part in the battles of Pichincha and the Riobamba, after which he became known as the Hero of Riobamba. Because of disagreements with Simón Bolívar, Lavalle returned to Buenos Aires by the end of 1823.

Governor and general

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He would later govern Mendoza Province for a short time. He then fought in the war against Brazil in command of 1,200 cavalry, with reported episodes of valour in the battles of Bacacay and Ituzaingó in February 1827. His forces defeated General Abreu and he was proclaimed General on the field of battle itself.

Coup, war, and resignation

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By the time he returned to Buenos Aires, Bernardino Rivadavia, the Unitarian Party President of the United Provinces, had resigned, and Manuel Dorrego was elected the federal governor of Buenos Aires Province. Lavalle, a Unitarian himself, led a coup to take the government and executed governor Dorrego, his former leader, without a trial. His government then started a reign of terror, aiming to destroy the Federal Party, but there was resistance in the countryside, which did not recede. In 1829, the demographic growth was negative as there were more deaths than births.

During this time, José de San Martín had returned from Europe. While he was in Montevideo, Lavalle offered him the government of Argentina,[citation needed] because of his authority over leaders on both sides. But when he learned about the spiraling factionalist violence, San Martín realised that he would have to choose sides as the only actual way to govern, so he refused and returned instead to self-exile in Europe.

The other provinces did not recognize Lavalle as the legitimate governor, and supported the rosista resistance instead. Lavalle would be defeated a short time later at the Battle of Márquez Bridge by the forces of Juan Manuel de Rosas and Santa Fe governor Estanislao López. López returned to his province, menaced by Unitarian José María Paz, who had taken power in Córdoba. Meanwhile, Rosas kept Lavalle under siege and forced him to resign with the Cañuelas pact. Juan José Viamonte was designated as interim governor, and the legislature that was removed during Lavalle's coup d'état was restored. This legislature would elect Rosas as the governor. Lavalle retired to the Banda Oriental.

Regroup

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During the French blockade to the Río de la Plata, Fructuoso Rivera was reluctant to take military actions against Rosas, aware of his strength. Unitarians, who thought that the whole Argentine Confederation would rise against Rosas at the first chance, urged Lavalle to lead the attack, who requested not to share command with Rivera. As a result, they led both their own armies. His imminent attack was backed up by conspiracies in Buenos Aires, which were discovered and aborted by the Mazorca, a group loyal to Rosas. Manuel Vicente Maza and his son were among the conspirators, and were executed as a result. Pedro Castelli also organized an ill-fated uprising against Rosas, and was executed as well.

Rosas did not wait to be attacked and ordered Pascual Echagüe to cross the Paraná river and take the fight to Uruguay, with López. The Uruguayan armies split: Rivera returned to defend Montevideo, and Lavalle moved to Entre Ríos Province. He expected that the local populations would join him against Rosas and increase his forces, but he found severe resistance, so he moved instead to Corrientes Province. Governor Pedro Ferré defeated López, and Rivera defeated Pascual Echagüe, clearing for Lavalle the way to Buenos Aires.

Defeat

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At this juncture, however, France had given up its trust on the effectiveness of the blockade, as what was thought it would be an easy and short conflict was turning into a long war, without clear security of a final victory. France began peace negotiations with the Confederation and cut its financial support to Lavalle. He didn't find help at local towns either, and there was widespread desertion among his ranks. Buenos Aires was ready to resist his military attack, but the lack of support forced him to give up and retire from the battlefield, without starting any battle.

 
Moving of Lavalle's corpse.

Death

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Persecuted, his troops suffered constant attacks and Lavalle was forced to move further north, being defeated by Manuel Oribe in La Rioja and Tucumán. Escaping with a small group of 200 men, he was accidentally shot by a Montonera detachment which spread-shot a reputed Unitarian's house, not realizing that Juan Lavalle, the very chief of the Unitarians, was staying there. This occurred in 1841 in San Salvador de Jujuy.

Aftermath

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Afraid that his body would be desecrated by the Federales, his followers fled to Bolivia carrying Lavalle's decomposing remains with them. Hurrying over the Humahuaca pass, they finally decided to strip the skeleton by boiling it and, after burying the flesh in an unmarked grave, carry the bones, which are today buried at the La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

Honors

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A statue of the general standing on top of a long, slender column, commemorates the figure of Lavalle at Plaza Lavalle in Buenos Aires.

References

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  1. ^ The list includes Juan Bautista Alberdi, Manuel Alberti, Carlos María de Alvear, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Antonio González de Balcarce, Manuel Belgrano, Antonio Luis Beruti, Juan José Castelli, Domingo French, Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Juan Larrea, Juan Lavalle, Vicente López y Planes, Bartolomé Mitre, Mariano Moreno, Juan José Paso, Carlos Pellegrini, Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, and Justo José de Urquiza. José de San Martín is known to have been a member of the Lautaro Lodge; but whether the lodge was truly masonic has been debated: Denslow, William R. (1957). 10,000 Famous Freemasons. Vol. 1–4. Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co Inc.

Bibliography

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Government offices
Preceded by
José Albino Gutierrez
Governor of Mendoza
1824
Succeeded by
Juan de Dios Correas
Preceded by Governor of Buenos Aires Province
1828–1829
Succeeded by