John Douglas of Pinkerton (c.1709 – 20 June 1778) was a Scottish architect who designed and reformed several country houses in the Scottish Lowlands. His work deserves to be noted for what the 2002 history of Scottish architecture remarks as an approach "of relentless surgery or concealment.".[1] His most notable works are Killin and Ardeonaig Church, Stirlingshire (1744);[2] Archerfield House, East Lothian (1745);[3] Finlaystone House, Renfewshire (1746–47),[4] Wardhouse (Gordonhall), Insch, Aberdeenshire (1757);[5] and Campbeltown Town Hall, Argyll and Bute (1758–60).[6] Several of these are listed buildings.
Biography
editHis date and place of birth are not known. In his will, he appears as John Douglas of Pinkerton,[7] late architect in Leith, who died on 20 June 1778.[8] The Edinburgh Recorder (records of the Edinburgh Friendly Fire Insurance Company, which began in 1720 as a loose-knit association of Edinburgh property owners for mutual financial protection against loss by fire),[9] shows that he owned properties in High Street North at Fleshmarket Close East (Thomson’s Close) (records 2754-2757) and at Old Provost Close, East Head (record 2717).[10]
Work as architect
editJohn Douglas designed and renovated several country houses during the middle of the 18th century. He was considered an efficient designer and many of his projects are characterised by a horizontal hierarchy which is signposted by a central projecting body[1] (for example, Archerfield House and Campbeltown Town House).
A cache of his drawings was discovered, curated and exhibited in 1989 by Ian Gow at the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, entitled "John Douglas – William Adam's Rival?". This material has been further analysed, to reveal more about his style in both executed and unexecuted designs (Archerfield House, Galloway House,[11] Finlaystone House,[4] and two designs for Blair Castle [12]). A broader study of his work shows how his designs explored the plastic treatment of the volume and the materiality of elevation in rather eclectic manners beyond his period, often though deemed too fashionable or personal.[13][14] He is an interesting less-known case of the early 18th century context in Scotland characterised by the professional establishment of architectural practice and a more conscious exploration of personal styles and external influences, often treatises.
Analysis of his major buildings (Archerfield (1745-9), Finlaystone House (1746-7), Wardhouse (1757); student halls in St. Salvator’s (1754–58); the disastrous intervention in Holyrood Abbey church (1760); and the town halls for Lochmaben (1756) and Campbeltown (1760)) show a characteristic treatment of the materiality of elevations and a mannerism that is restrained and more influenced by the earlier Palladianism of Inigo Jones than James Gibbs. More on his professional practice can be revealed from the study of the building contracts for Archerfield and Finlaystone for example, as also the litigation with his journeyman George Paterson,[15] which also confirm disputed authorship of his work
List of buildings
editA book by Howard Colvin lists several of his projects, but some of the facts are incorrect (for example, Douglas was indeed responsible for the disastrous repair of the church of Holyrood Abbey in 1760 and the dispute over non-payment of the rest of his fees was resolved only after his death).[16][17] A map of the buildings on which he worked shows their distribution across Scotland.[18]
- Freeland House, Forgandenny, Perth and Kinross (1733) [19]
- Traquair House (1733–38)
- Quarrell House, Stirlingshire (1735–36). Douglas collaborated with James Gibbs in the reform of the house
- Murthly Castle (1735). Entrance block.[20]
- Ardmaddy Castle (1737). Attributed
- Lochnell House (1737–39)
- Abercairny House, Perth and Kinross (1737–38).[21] Design for improvements
- Galloway House, Garlieston, Dumfries and Galloway (1740).[11] Unexecuted design
- Glasserton House, Dumfries and Galloway (1740–41).[22] Unexecuted design
- Arbroath Harbour (1741).[23] Advised on how to alleviate silting
- Lochmaben Town Hall, Dumfries and Galloway (1743).[24] Design of a steeple
- Taymouth Castle (Balloch Castle), Perth and Kinross (1743–50).[25] Work on the new sash windows, dining room and new entry to the house
- Amulree and Strathbraan Parish Church, Perth and Kinross (1743–52) [26]
- Killin and Ardeonaig Parish Church (1744) [2]
- Kilmahew Castle (1744).[27] Attributed. A ruin
- Archerfield House (1745)[3]
- Fullarton House, South Ayrshire (1745).[28] Attributed
- Finlaystone House, Renfewshire (1746–47)[4]
- Blair Castle (1748–56).[29] Unexecuted design for remodelling the castle in the Palladian style
- Edmonstone House, (1744–49)
- Dysart, Hot Pot Wynd, Carmelite Monastery (1748).[30] Unexecuted design
- St Salvator’s College (1754–58). University halls of residence (demolished) [31][32]
- Wardhouse (Gordonhall), Aberdeenshire (1757)[5]
- Holyrood Abbey church, Edinburgh (1758–60). Replacement of roof timber truss with diaphragm walls. Collapsed 2 December 1768 [17][33]
- Campbeltown Town Hall (1758–60) [6]
- Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian (1770s) [34]
- Largo House. Attributed
References
edit- ^ a b Glendinning, M.; MacInnes, R.; MacKehnie, A. (2002). A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0849-2.
- ^ a b "Killin & Ardeonaig Parish Church". Scotland's Churches Trust. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b Historic Environment Scotland. "Archerfield House (56746)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b c "Finlaystone House History". finlaystonehouse.com. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Wardhouse, Insch". buildingsatrisk.org.uk. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b Historic Environment Scotland. "Campbeltown, Main Street, Town House (38815)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Pinkerton is not in the 2007 Times Atlas. The place may at the Burgh of Crail and in the Shire of Fife.
- ^ Will of John Douglas, 20 June 1778. National Archives of Scotland CC8/8/124
- ^ Gilhooley, James, ed. (1990). The Edinburgh Recorder: Spotlight on the Personalities, Properties and Their Fire Insurance Policies from 1720 to 1840. Edinburgh: Privately printed.
- ^ "John Douglas, Architect". scottisharchitects.org.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b Historic Environment Scotland. "Galloway House (63147)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Kinnear, Holly E. B. (2001). "John Douglas' Country House Designs" (PDF). Architectural Heritage. 12 (1). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, for the Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland: 1–12. doi:10.3366/arch.2001.12.1.1. ISSN 1350-7524.
- ^ D. Theodossopoulos, Mannerism in the work of the “fashionable architect” John Douglas in 18th century Scotland conference paper, 2015 https://www.dropbox.com/s/bavfuldyy2we1xt/John%20Douglas%20vocabulary%20and%20practice%20conference%20paper%202015.pdf?dl=0
- ^ Theodossopoulos, Dimitris (April 2015). "Mannerism in the work of the "fashionable architect" John Douglas in 18th century Scotland" (PDF). PURE record, University of Edinburgh.
- ^ (Lybell) State and Report in the Process George Patterson, Writer at Newmills (Pursuer) Against John Douglas, Architect in Edinburgh (Defender). Date 1762. National Records of Scotland CS232/P/3/18
- ^ Colvin, Howard (1978). A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840. London: John Murray.
- ^ a b Theodossopoulos, D.; Sinha, B.P.; Usmani, A.S. (2003). "Case Study of the Failure of a Cross Vault: Church of Holyrood Abbey" (PDF). J. Archit. Eng. 9 (3). American Society of Civil Engineers: 109–117. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2003)9:3(109).
- ^ "Main Buildings Attributed to the 18C Architect John Douglas". Google maps. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Freeland House" (PDF). strathallan.co.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Murthly House DSA Building/ Design Report". Dictionary of Scottish Architects DSA. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Abercairny (88063)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Glasserton House (216076)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Arbroath Harbour (35557)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Elevation of Lochmaben Town Hall, Dumfries and Galloway". Scran. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Taymouth Castle (24893)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Amulree Church of Scotland and Churchyard (88012)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Kilmahew House (113685)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Fullarton House (145895)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Blair Castle (25802)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Dysart, Hot Pot Wynd, Carmelite Monastery (53988)". Canmore. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Cant, Ronald G. (1950). The College of St Salvator: Its Foundation and Development, Including a Selection of Documents. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, for the University Court#ScotlandUniversity Court of the University of St. Andrews.
- ^ Grater, Abigail (2000). The United College: The Architectural Development of the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard, University of St. Andrews, 1757–1931. St Andrews: University of St. Andrews.
- ^ Theodossopoulos, Dimitris (2016). "The catastrophic repairs of Holyrood Abbey church in 1760". International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 10 (7): 954–974. doi:10.1080/15583058.2016.1160302. hdl:20.500.11820/721698bb-a690-4a8b-9362-2ea42cd947f4. S2CID 114988557.
- ^ "Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian". Scran. Retrieved 21 December 2014.