Jisr ash-Shughūr (Arabic: جِسْرُ ٱلشُّغُورِ, romanized: jisr aš-šuġūr, pronounced [dʒɪsr aʃ.ʃuˈɣuːr], also rendered as Jisser ash-Shughour and other spellings), known in antiquity as Seleucobelus (Greek: Σελευκόβηλος, romanized: Seleukóbēlos),[2] is a city in the Idlib Governorate in northwestern Syria. Situated at an altitude of 170 metres (560 ft) above sea level on the Orontes river, the city was inhabited by 44,322 people as of 2010.[3] The inhabitants are mostly Sunni Muslims, with a significant Christian minority (estimated at about 3,000 people in 2010), mostly Greek Orthodox.[4] The city is the headquarters of the Sunni Islamist Chechen militia Junud al-Sham.[5]
Jisr ash-Shughūr
جِسْرُ ٱلشُّغُورِ Seleucobelus | |
|---|---|
 Covered market in the old town of Jisr ash-Shughūr (2009) | |
  Jisr ash-Shughūr Location in Syria
[1] | |
| Coordinates: 35°48′45.3071″N 36°19′3.3791″E / 35.812585306°N 36.317605306°E | |
| Country | Syria |
| Governorate | Idlib Governorate |
| District | Jisr ash-Shugur District |
| Subdistrict | Jist al-Shughur Subdistrict |
| Elevation | 170 m (560 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 44,322 |
History
editJisr ash-Shughūr has long been an important stopping point on trade routes. It is situated on the main route between Latakia, which is 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the west, and Aleppo, which is 104 kilometres (65 mi) to the east. Located in the rich alluvial plain of the Ghab valley on the eastern side of the an-Nusayriyah Mountains (also known as Jebel Ansariye), the area has been continuously inhabited for over 10,000 years.[citation needed] The ancient city of Qarqar is thought to have been situated some 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south of the modern town,[6] which was established in Hellenistic times as the city of Seleucia ad Belum. The Romans called it Niaccuba and built a stone bridge there across the Orontes.[7] During the Crusader era, there was Chastel Rugia to the east, and another two castles, "Qalʻat ash-Shughr" and "Bakās", which formed the complex of ash-Shughr and Bakās to the northwest of Jisr ash-Shughūr, to be used to defend the region,[8] until they were captured by Saladin in 1188.[9]
Little remains of the ancient city other than portions of the much-repaired Roman bridge, which is now incorporated into a 15th-century Mamluk construction that still serves as one of the city's two bridges over the river. The bridge's V-shaped design was intended to enable it to withstand the force of the river's current. Although Jisr ash-Shughūr is mostly of modern construction, a number of old Ottoman-era buildings still survive, including a caravanserai built in the centre of the old town between 1660–75 and later restored in 1826–27.[7][10] The town is referred to in 18th-century European sources as Choug, Shogle or Shoggle (the latter in the Encyclopédie).
During the Ottoman period, the town was often vulnerable to attack from the Kurdish tribes from the Sahyun district. For much of the 18th century, however, the town itself was controlled by the Kurdish agha (title) Muhammad ibn Rustum and his sons, first as kaymakam (deputy governor), then as mütevelli (manager) of the religious foundation of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha in Jisr ash-Shughūr.[11] After the end of World War I, Jisr al-Shughur was the site of sustained resistance against the French occupation forces. In December 1920, the local rebel leader Ibrahim Hananu together with Kurdish bands from the Sahyun and with support of Kemalist insurgency forces from Turkey managed to seize the town from the French.[12]
The city has been described as conservative and predominantly Sunni Muslim, with a history of unrest against the government of the ruling secular Arab nationalist Baʻth.[13] It was the scene of a mass killing by Syrian security forces in 1980 that prefigured the later and more notorious Hama massacre.[14] On 9 March 1980, against a background of anti-government protests across Syria, inhabitants of Jisr ash-Shughūr marched on the local Baʻth headquarters and set it on fire. The police were unable to restore order and fled. Some demonstrators seized weapons and ammunition from a nearby army barracks. Later that day, units of the Syrian Army Special Forces were helicoptered in from Aleppo to regain control, which they did after pounding the town with rockets and mortars, destroying homes and shops and killing and wounding dozens of people. At least two hundred people were arrested. The following day a military tribunal ordered the execution of more than a hundred of the detainees. In all, about 150–200 people were said to have been killed in a matter of hours.[15][14]
Syrian civil war
edit_in_Jisr_al-Shughur.png)
Violence broke out in Jisr ash-Shughūr on 4 June 2011, three months into the Syrian civil war. Armed groups attacked local security forces, killed 120 members of the security forces, and seized control of the city, with many civilians fleeing to Latakia.[16] Activists speaking to the BBC denied the government's version of these events, claiming that the cause of these deaths was unclear and may have been an internal mutiny.[16] The Syrian military launched an operation in a crackdown against the allegedly guilty armed groups. The operation lasted until 12 June 2011.[17] The city was reported to have been largely abandoned by its inhabitants, many of whom fled to neighbouring Turkey, as Syrian Army units massed outside to retake it.[18] Over December 2011–January 2012, FSA took control, establishing a key rebel center.[19] As of June 2012, the FSA was still in control, but by October 2012, the Syrian government was reported by Al Jazeera to be in control of the town.[20] However, on 25 April 2015, the city was captured by an alliance of Salafist insurgents, including al-Qaeda's al-Nusra Front, Ahrar al-Sham,[21][22] and the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP).[23] The city has become a stronghold of the TIP, and reportedly 3,500 militant Uyghurs have since settled in the city.[24]
By July 2017, the city was under joint control of Tahrir al-Sham and the Turkistan Islamic Party.[1] Syrian and Russian bombing of the city resumed in September 2017.[25]
Climate
edit| Climate data for Jisr ash-Shughur | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.0 (93.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
24.1 (75.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.2 (82.8) |
25.2 (77.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
18.3 (65.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
4.6 (40.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
7.5 (45.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 148 (5.8) |
125 (4.9) |
87 (3.4) |
47 (1.9) |
18 (0.7) |
8 (0.3) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
11 (0.4) |
35 (1.4) |
55 (2.2) |
147 (5.8) |
682 (26.8) |
| Source: FAO[26] | |||||||||||||
References
edit- ^ a b ""Tahrir al-Sham" denies that "Turkistan" controls Jisr al-Shughur". Enab Baladi. 16 July 2017.
- ^ Ross Burns (1999). Monuments of Syria: A Guide. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 139. ISBN 9781860642449.
- ^ "Syria: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ "تقرير الطائفة المسيحية في إدلب". 15 April 2010.
- ^ "Is Moscow Set to Target Russians Fighting Against Assad in Syria?". jamestown.org. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
- ^ Yamada, Shigeo (2000). The construction of the Assyrian empire: a historical study of the inscriptions of Shalmanesar III relating to his campaigns in the West. Culture and history of the ancient Near East. Vol. 3. BRILL. p. 155. ISBN 978-90-04-11772-3.
- ^ a b Burns, Ross (1999). Monuments of Syria: an historical guide. I.B. Tauris. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-86064-244-9.
- ^ "Jisr ash-Shughur, Qalʿat Shugr wa Bekas from the inside". syrian-heritage.org.
- ^ "Qalʻat al-Shaghur". syriaphotoguide.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-12.
- ^ Mannheim, Ivan (2001). Syria & Lebanon handbook: the travel guide. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-900949-90-3.
- ^ Winter, Stefan (2005). "Les Kurdes du Nord-Ouest syrien et l'État ottoman, 1690-1750". In Afifi, Mohammad (ed.). Sociétés rurales ottomanes / Ottoman Rural Societies. IFAO. ISBN 2724704118.p. 243-258
- ^ Winter, Stefan (2016). A History of the 'Alawis: From Medieval Syria to the Turkish Republic. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691173894.p. 249
- ^ Has Syria's peaceful uprising turned into an insurrection?, By Nicholas Blanford, / csmonitor.com June 9, 2011
- ^ a b Dagher, Sam (2019). Assad or we burn the country : how one family's lust for power destroyed Syria (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-316-55672-9. OCLC 1101180175.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Human rights in Syria. Human Rights Watch. 1990. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-929692-69-1.
- ^ a b "Syria town of Jisr al-Shughour braces for army assault". BBC News. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ "Syria unrest: 'Deadly clashes' in Jisr al-Shughour". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
- ^ Chulov, Martin; Hassan, Nidaa (7 June 2011). "Syrian town empties as government tanks mass outside". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ Martin Chulov (18 May 2012). "Syrian security forces set off Damascus bombs blamed on al-Qaida – defectors". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ "Rebel fighters 'capture' Syrian soldiers". Al Jazeera. 13 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ "AFP news agency on Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ "Second Idlib Stronghold Falls to Jabhat al-Nusra and Rebel Forces". Institute for the Study of War. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ "Turkistan Islamic Party had significant role in recent Idlib offensive - FDD's Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ "If Assad asks, China can deploy troops to Syria". timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ Suleiman Al-Khalidi Russia, Syria intensify bombing of rebel-held Idlib, witnesses say, Reuters, 24 September 2017
- ^ "World-wide Agroclimatic Data of FAO (FAOCLIM)". Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved 21 December 2024.