1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
Election for the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir were held on 23 March 1987. Farooq Abdullah was reappointed as the Chief Minister.[1]
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all 76 seats in Legislative Assembly 39 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 74.9%( 1.70%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The election is widely perceived to have been rigged.[2][3][4] After the following elections to the Parliament in 1989, which saw low turn-out,[5] Governor's Rule was declared in Jammu and Kashmir in 1990, which lasted till 1996.[6]
The 1987 election was a watershed in the politics of the Jammu and Kashmir state.[7][8][9][10]
Background
editThe background of the 1987 election is fraught with multiple complexities.
During the long years of imprisonment of Sheikh Abdullah, his loyalists split off from the National Conference party and formed a Plebiscite Front. The remaining members of the National Conference merged their party with the Indian National Congress.
After Abdullah's release and his accord with Indira Gandhi, the Congress party accepted him as its own Head and elected him as the State's Chief Minister. However, during the 1977 election, Abdullah shunned the Congress party and revived a new National Conference party from the erstwhile Plebiscite Front. He won the election handsomely.
After Sheikh Abdullah's death, the Congress party again sought an alliance with the National Conference for the 1983 election. It was again shunned and the new leader Farooq Abdullah won the election independently. Congress however emerged as the de facto party of the Jammu region. Congress exploited the internal squabbles in the National Conference and teamed up with Farooq's brother-in-law G. M. Shah to topple Farooq's government. This led to a period of instability during which the Governor's Rule was imposed.
After Rajiv Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress, another accord was reached with Farooq Abdullah. The Governor's Rule was lifted and Farooq returned to power in 1986, but with the understanding that Congress and the National Conference would ally for the 1987 election. In the view of scholar Sten Widmalm, the State's two largest parties had formed an 'election cartel', which had the result that popular discontent could not be channelled.[11]
Before the election, various anti-establishment groups including Jamaat-e-Islami joined hands to form a Muslim United Front (MUF) mainly pointing out that the NC had capitulated before the Centre for the sake of power and bartered away the special status of the State. Efforts were made to arouse Muslim sentiments along communal lines.[citation needed] MUF's election manifesto stressed the need for a solution to all outstanding issues according to Simla Agreement, work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.[12]
The NC-Congress(I) combine contested all the 76 seats and the MUF, 43 seats.[13][1]
Voting
editThe election was held on 23 March 1987. Nearly 75 percent of the voters participated, the highest recorded participation in the state. Nearly eighty percent of the people in the Valley voted.[14][15]
Elections for Bhadrawah, Leh and Kargil were held in June 1987.[6]
Results
edit | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | 857,830 | 32.98 | 40 |  6 | |
| Indian National Congress | 525,261 | 20.20 | 26 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Janata Party | 132,528 | 5.10 | 2 | New | |
| Others | 181,175 | 6.97 | 0 | 0 | |
| Independents | 903,971 | 34.76 | 8 | 6 | |
| Total | 2,600,765 | 100.00 | 76 | 1 | |
| Valid votes | 2,600,765 | 97.69 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 61,590 | 2.31 | |||
| Total votes | 2,662,355 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 3,555,549 | 74.88 | |||
| Source: ECI[16] | |||||
The NC-Congress alliance won 66 seats in the Assembly: NC winning 40 seats of the 45 it contested, and Congress winning 26 out of 31 (5 out of 6 contested seats in the Valley).[17][14] The alliance received only 53% of the popular vote but garnered 87% of the seats.[18]
The BJP won 2 seats, in Jammu.[15][19] The MUF expected to win 10 seats out of the 44 seats it contested. But it won only 4 seats, even though it had polled 31% votes.[14][15][20] Syed Ali Shah Geelani of Jamaat-e-Islami (a constituent of MUF) won from Sopore.[21]
The disparity between the popular vote and the seat wins was very high. (In comparison, in 1983, the NC and Congress polled 78% of the vote to achieve 95% of the seats.) Scholar Sten Widmalm explains the increased disparity as an effect of forming an "election cartel" (between the NC and Congress), which had a dominant effect in the first-past-the-post election system used in India. The cartel's victory seemed unfair to many Jammu and Kashmir voters, which was magnified when allegations of fraud came to the surface.[22]
The MUF's garnering of 31% of the vote in its first electoral contest has been described as a 'huge' success.[23] Journalist Balraj Puri states that the MUF emerged as the main alternative to the NC-Congress alliance in all parts of the Valley, except the four constituencies of the Kupwara district where People's Conference came in the second place.[24]
The People's Conference did not win a seat despite having been expected to do well in the constituencies of Bandipora, Sangrama, Handwara, and Kupwara. They still managed to capture 93,949 votes.[25]
Elected members
edit| Constituency | Reserved for (SC/None) |
Member | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karnah | None | Shrief-ud Din Shariq | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Handwara | None | Chowdry Mohamad Ramzan | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Langet | None | Abdul Ahad Wani | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Kupwara | None | Mushtaq Ahmed Lone | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Bandipora | None | Ghulam Rosool Mir | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Sonawari | None | Mohmad Ud Din Kochey | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Pattan | None | Aga Syed Mehmood | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Gulmarg | None | Sheikh Mustaffa Kamal | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Sangrama | None | Ghulam Mohiuddin Bhat | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Sopore | None | Syed Ali Shahgilani | Independent | |
| Refiabad | None | Gulam Mohd. Khan | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Baramulla | None | Shiekh Mohamad Maqbol | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Uri | None | Mohd. Shafi | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Kangan | None | Mian Altaf | Indian National Congress | |
| Ganderbal | None | Farooq Abdulla | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Hazaratbal | None | Mohmad Yasin Shah | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Amirakadal | None | Gulam Mohi Ud Din Shoh | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Habakadal | None | P.l. Handoo | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Zainakadal | None | Ali Mohammad Charloo | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Idgah | None | Mohd. Shafi Khan | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Zadibal | None | Peer Mohd. Shafi | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Nagin | None | Abdul Samad Teeli | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Beerwah | None | Syed Ahmad Syed | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Khan Sahib | None | Gulam Mohmad Mir | Indian National Congress | |
| Badgam | None | Syed Ghulam Hussain Gilani | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Chadura | None | Mir Mustafa | Independent | |
| Chari Sharif | None | Abdul Rahim Rather | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Pulwama | None | Bashir Ahmed Nengroo | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Pampore | None | Ghulam Mohi Ud Din | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Tral | None | Ghulam Nabi Naik | Indian National Congress | |
| Wachi | None | Nazir Ahmad Wani | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Shopian | None | Sheikh Mohd. Mansoor | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Noorabad | None | Abdul Aziz Zargar | Indian National Congress | |
| Devsar | None | Peerzada-ghulam-ahmad | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Kulgam | None | Haji Abdul Pazak Mir | Independent | |
| Homshalibug | None | Ghulam Nabi | Independent | |
| Pahalgam | None | Rafi Ahmad Mir | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Bijbehara | None | Haji Abdul Gani Shah | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Anantnag | None | Mohd. Syeed Shah | Independent | |
| Shawngas | None | Abdul Rashid Dar | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Kokernag | None | Peerzada Mohd. Syed | Indian National Congress | |
| Doru | None | Mohd. Akbar Ganie | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Leh | None | Tsering Samphel | Indian National Congress | |
| Kargil | None | Qamar Ali | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Kishtwar | None | Bashir Ahmed Kichloo | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Inderwal | None | Shareef Naiz | Indian National Congress | |
| Bhadarwah | SC | Hari Lal | Indian National Congress | |
| Doda | None | Attaullah Sohrawardi | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Ramban | None | Bharat Gandhi | Indian National Congress | |
| Banihal | None | Molvi Abdul Rashid | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Gulabgarh | None | Haji Buland Khan | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Reasi | None | Mohd. Ayub Khan | Indian National Congress | |
| Udhampur | None | Balak Ram | Indian National Congress | |
| Chenani Ghordi | None | Yash Paul Khajuria | Indian National Congress | |
| Ramnagar | SC | Chandhu Lal | Indian National Congress | |
| Samba | None | Parkash Sharma | Indian National Congress | |
| Bari Brahmanan | SC | Swaran Lata | Indian National Congress | |
| Bishna | SC | Parma Nand | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Ranbirsingh Pura | None | Ranjit Singh | Indian National Congress | |
| Jammu Contonment | None | H.s Bali | Independent | |
| Jammu West | SC | Mangat Ram | Indian National Congress | |
| Jammu East | None | Chaman Lal | Bharatiya Janata Party | |
| Jandrah Gharota | None | Shiv Dev Singh | Indian National Congress | |
| Marh | SC | Mula Ram | Indian National Congress | |
| Akhnoor | None | Gobind Ram | Independent | |
| Chhamb | None | Madan Lal | Indian National Congress | |
| Basohli | SC | Jagdish Rajspolia | Indian National Congress | |
| Bhillawar | SC | Swram Singh | Indian National Congress | |
| Kathua | SC | Om Parkash | Indian National Congress | |
| Hiranagar | None | Baldev Singh | Bharatiya Janata Party | |
| Nowshera | None | Beli Ram | Indian National Congress | |
| Darhal | None | Mohd. Hussain | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Rajouri | None | Mirsa Abdul Rashid | Indian National Congress | |
| Suran | None | Mohd. Aslam | Indian National Congress | |
| Mendhar | SC | Nisar Ahamed Khan | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | |
| Haveli | None | Ch. Bashir Ahmed | Independent | |
Electoral malpractice
editIndia Today reported that "starting about two weeks before the election, 600 opposition workers were arrested in areas where the MUF, independents, and PC [People's Conference] candidates were showing strength".[26]
In the Amira Kadal constituency of Srinagar, MUF's Syed Mohammed Yusuf Shah was a candidate. As the vote-counting began, it was becoming clear that Yusuf Shah was winning by a landslide. His opponent, Ghulam Mohiuddin Shah, went home dejected. But he was summoned back by the electoral officials and declared the winner. When the crowds protested, the police arrived and arrested Yusuf Shah and his supporters. They were held in custody till the end of 1987.[27]
Leader of the People's Conference party, Abdul Ghani Lone, complained that vote counting in the constituency of Handwara was tampered with by the deputy inspector-general of police, A.M. Watali. There were several cases like this with other candidates but the petitions to the courts did not lead to any action. There was no response from the central government, courts, or the election commission to the demands that the allegations of rigging be investigated. Kashmir's High Court chose not to probe the allegations and the Election Commission was inactive at the time.[26]
Balraj Puri has noted three constituencies where the MUF lost narrowly: Bijbehara, Wachi, and Shopian. The number of rejected votes in these constituencies was far higher than the margin of victory for the alliance, indicating that the vote-counting could have been easily manipulated.[24]
Whereas it took only three hours to count the votes in Farooq Abdullah's seat, the vote-counting in seats where the MUF had influence took considerably longer. In Anantnag, it was reported that the results were delayed for two and a half days while the polling station was surrounded by hundreds of policemen. In Bijbehara the polling officers refused to count when they found that a MUF candidate had taken an early lead. In Doru, an NC candidate with a lead of 300 votes was declared the winner even though more than a thousand votes remained to be counted. Counting in the Pulwama constituency took no account of the strategic Tahab belt. Counting in Shopian and Sopore went on for three days.[25]
BBC cited a Kashmiri politician Khem Lata Wakhloo,[a] as stating that there was widespread rigging in Kashmir. She stated: "I remember that there was massive rigging in 1987 elections. The losing candidates were declared winners. It shook the ordinary people's faith in the elections and the democratic process."[30][undue weight? – discuss]
Governor Jagmohan is reported to have been appalled at what was being done, but he said that he was ordered by the central government in Delhi not to interfere.[25]
Many see this rigged election as a cause of militancy in Kashmir.[31] Abdul Ghani Lone became a separatist leader after the 1987 election and stated that many young people, out of frustration with the democratic process, decided to go for an armed struggle.[26]
Extent of electoral malpractice
editThe extent of election malpractice has been debated by scholars and analysts.[32][33]
Scholar Victoria Schofield has stated that the MUF might have won four more seats if there was no electoral fraud.[34] On the other hand, an anonymous source in the Intelligence Bureau has advanced the estimate that the MUF may have lost approximately 13 seats due to electoral malpractice.[35] Other journalists and commentators have estimated a loss of fifteen to twenty seats.[4] Farooq Abdullah conceded that the opposition parties might have been able to win 20 seats instead of 10 in the absence of rigging. He denied his own involvement in the rigging.[36]
Former Kashmir civil servant Wajahat Habibullah states that clear indications of malpractice were found in ten constituencies. These constituencies were mainly in Srinagar and all of them were counted as wins of the National Conference.[37] He believes that Farooq Abdullah allowed them to be rigged to gain a majority for the National Conference in the Assembly so that it would not be dependent on support from the Indian National Congress.[38] He also notes that the methods of rigging appeared "blatant" and lacked the finesse of the pre-1977 elections.[39]
Aftermath
editFarooq Abdullah was elected Chief Minister and formed a coalition government. However, the Government lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the people in the Valley. Rebels branded the election as a "thoroughly made one".[40] The Valley sank into a "morass of frustration and radicalisation", states scholar Sumantra Bose. In June 1988, there were protests against a hike in the electricity tariffs, resulting in police firings. In July, the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front launched its first bomb attack in Srinagar.[41] A cycle of violence and protests took hold, steadily rising in tempo. In January 1990, the Union Government appointed Jagmohan as the governor of the state. Farooq Abdullah resigned in protest, and Governor's Rule was declared.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Khem Lata Wakhloo was one of the 12 legislators of the National Conference that defected to the G. M. Shah's faction in 1984.[28] Her political affiliation in 1987 is uncertain but Sumantra Bose believes she was still part of the National Conference at that time.[29]
References
edit- ^ a b Statistical Report on the General Election, 1987, Election Commission of India, New Delhi.
- ^ Arshad, Sameer (22 November 2014). "History of electoral fraud has lessons for BJP in J&K". The Times of India.
- ^ Prakash, Smita (17 November 2014). "Elections in Kashmir". Mid-Day.
- ^ a b Donthi, Praveen (23 March 2016). How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped The 1987 Elections In Kashmir. The Caravan.
- ^ Maqbool, Umer (14 March 2015). "Decline in voter turnout in Kashmir after 'rigged election of 1987'". Greater Kashmir.
- ^ a b Vaganan, Mayil (10 April 2002). "A Survey of Elections in Kashmir". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ^ "Assembly Election 1987". www.jammu-kashmir.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2003. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Ahmad, Wajahat (1 October 2010). "The Siege of Kashmir". The Caravan.
- ^ Muhammad, ZG (14 March 2015). "Question of Simple Majority". Greater Kashmir.
- ^ Gilani, Iftikhar, ed. (25 November 2014). "How representative is Jammu and Kashmir assembly?". Daily News & Analysis (DNA).
- ^ Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective 2002, p. 77.
- ^ Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 138.
- ^ Bose, Transforming India 2013, pp. 274–275.
- ^ a b c Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 137.
- ^ a b c Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, p. 49.
- ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^ Bose, Transforming India 2013, p. 275.
- ^ Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1020.
- ^ Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1019.
- ^ Rai, Mridu (2018), "Kashmir: From Princely State to Insurgency", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.184, ISBN 9780190277727
- ^ "Sopore Election 2014. Sitting and previous MLAs from Sopore Assembly constituency". www.elections.in.
- ^ Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1020; Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective 2002, p. 78: "The unusually poor correlation between votes and seats may possibly have planted unfounded suspicion in the minds of those who were unaware of the peculiarities of the majority election system with single-member constituencies."
- ^ Hussain, Masood (23 March 2016). "MUFfed". Kashmir Life.
Despite all this, MUF polled huge. It took 470580 votes making 30.96 percent of the popular vote.
- ^ a b Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu 1987, p. 835.
- ^ a b c Hussain, Masood (23 March 2016). "MUFfed". Kashmir Life.
- ^ a b c Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1020-1021.
- ^ Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Wani, What Happened to Governance in Kashmir? (2019), p. 337.
- ^ Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace (2003), p. 48.
- ^ Hussain, Altaf (14 September 2002). "Kashmir's flawed elections". BBC.
- ^ "Is BJP planning poll tie-ups with separatist groups in Jammu & Kashmir?". Daily News & Analysis. 28 July 2014.
- ^ Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective (2002), p. 79: "The exact extent of rigging is still difficult to assess, but qualified estimates have been made."
- ^ Habibullah, My Kashmir (2008): "But to suggest that every constituency in Kashmir was corrupt in equal measure would be an overstatement."
- ^ Foreign Affairs Committee (2007), South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence, The Stationery Office, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-0-215-03378-9
- ^ Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997, p. 1021.
- ^ Brass, Paul R. (1994), The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–222, not 107, ISBN 978-0-521-45970-9: "Farooq Abdullah virtually admitted that these elections were rigged, though he denies that he rigged them or that the Congress-Conference coalition would have lost had they not been rigged. He did concede that the MUF might have won twenty seats instead of ten if the elections had been held more fairly."
- ^ Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008, p. 62: "Clear indications of malpractice in the 1987 election had been found in only ten constituencies, primarily in Srinagar, where the support base of the NC had been tenuous. Moreover, such evidence appeared only in those constituencies that were won by the National Conference."
- ^ Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008, p. 63.
- ^ Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008, p. 61.
- ^ Das Gupta, Islamic Fundamentalism and India 2002, p. 106.
- ^ Bose, Transforming India 2013, p. 276.
Bibliography
edit- Bose, Sumantra (2003), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01173-2
- Bose, Sumantra (2013), Transforming India, Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674728196
- Das Gupta, J. B. (2002), Islamic Fundamentalism and India, Gurgaon: Hope India Publications (for Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies), ISBN 978-1-61820-159-1
- Grover, Verinder; Arora, Ranjana, eds. (1996). Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab. Deep & Deep. ISBN 978-81-7100-723-3.
- Guha, Ramachandra (2008), India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, Pan Macmillan, ISBN 978-0330396110
- Habibullah, Wajahat (2008), My Kashmir: Conflict and the Prospects for Enduring Peace, Washington DC: United States Institute for Peace Press, ISBN 978-1-60127-031-3
- Puri, Balraj (30 May 1987), "Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu", Economic and Political Weekly, 22 (22): 835–837, JSTOR 4377036
- Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983
- Wani, Aijaz Ashraf (2019), What Happened to Governance in Kashmir?, OUP India, ISBN 978-0-19-909715-9
- Widmalm, Sten (November 1997), "The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir", Asian Survey, 37 (11): 1005–1030, doi:10.2307/2645738, JSTOR 2645738
- Widmalm, Sten (2002), Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-7007-1578-7