Wikipedia

Chinatown–International District, Seattle

(Redirected from International District, Seattle, Washington)

The Chinatown–International District (abbreviated as CID) is a neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. It is the center of the city's Asian American community. Within the district are the three neighborhoods known as Chinatown, Japantown and Little Saigon, named for the concentration of businesses owned by people of Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese descent, respectively. The geographic area also once included Manilatown.[3]

Seattle Chinatown Historic District
Historic Chinatown Gate in the Seattle Chinatown Historic District
Chinatown–International District, Seattle is located in Downtown Seattle
Chinatown–International District, Seattle
Chinatown–International District, Seattle is located in Washington (state)
Chinatown–International District, Seattle
LocationRoughly bounded by Yesler, Rainier, Dearborn, and Fourth, Seattle, Washington
Area23 acres (9.3 ha)
ArchitectMultiple, including Sabro Ozasa, Charles Haynes, Thompson & Thompson[2]
Architectural styleBeaux Arts
NRHP reference No.86003153[1]
Added to NRHPNovember 6, 1986

The name Chinatown/International District was established by City Ordinance 119297 in 1999 as a result of the three neighborhoods' work and consensus on the Seattle Chinatown International District Urban Village Strategic Plan submitted to the City Council in December 1998. Like many other areas of Seattle, the neighborhood is multiethnic, but the majority of its residents are of Chinese ethnicity.[4] It is one of eight historic neighborhoods recognized by the City of Seattle.[5] CID has a mix of residences and businesses and is a tourist attraction for its ethnic Asian culture and landmarks.[6]

Location

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Location of Chinatown International District within Seattle.

The CID boundaries are defined as 4th Avenue South (on the west) to Rainier Avenue (on the east) and from Yesler Way (north) to Charles Street/Dearborn (south). The CID is bordered by the neighborhoods of Pioneer Square and SoDo to the west of 4th Ave S; Rainier Valley on the east side of Rainier; Beacon Hill and the Industrial District to the south of Charles/Dearborn; and Downtown and First Hill to the north of Yesler.

Within the CID are three distinct neighborhoods: Chinatown, Japantown, and Little Saigon. The Seattle Chinatown Historic District, so designated by the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1986, is roughly south of Jackson and west of I-5, with Hing Hay Park at its heart. In the present day, Japantown is centered on 6th Avenue and Main Street and Little Saigon's main nexus is 12th Avenue South and South Jackson Street.

Public transit

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The CID is served by the International District/Chinatown station on the 1 Line of Seattle's Link light rail system (via the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel near 4th Ave S), and three stops along Jackson on the First Hill Streetcar: at 5th Ave S (connecting to the 1 Line), 7th Ave S, and 12th Ave S.

History

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19th century

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Chinese immigrants first came to the Pacific Northwest in the 1850s, and by the 1860s, some had settled in Seattle. Many of the first Chinese immigrants to Washington came from Guangdong province, especially Taishan.[7] The first Chinese quarters were near Yesler's Mill on the waterfront. According to Chinese oral history, the waterfront was the first Chinatown, where the Chinese dock workers lived. The influx of Chinese immigrants was slowed by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. In 1886 whites drove out most of Seattle's Chinese population. However, some took shelter with Native Americans on the reservations while others came under the protection of white employers and a judge.

The Great Seattle Fire of 1889 further hindered the community. Eventually, the Chinese re-established new quarters farther inland, along Washington St. and Second Avenue South.[8] This was the second Chinatown. Land values rose, especially with impending construction of the Smith Tower, and the people of Chinatown moved again, to the present and third location along King Street. Only the Hop Sing Tong managed to retain its building on 2nd and Washington. It sold this building about 2006 in order to purchase the former China Gate building at 516 7th Ave S in the current Chinatown.

Near the end of the 19th century, Japanese immigrants also began arriving, settling on the south side of the district on the other side of the railroad tracks. Part of present-day Dearborn Street, between 8th and 12th avenues, was known as Mikado Street, after the Japanese word for "emperor."[9] Japanese Americans developed Nihonmachi, or Japantown, on Main Street, two blocks north of King Street. By the mid-1920s, Nihonmachi extended from 4th Avenue along Main to 7th Avenue, with clusters of businesses along Jackson, King, Weller, Lane, and Dearborn streets.[10]

20th century

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516 7th Ave S was originally built in 1924 as the Chinese Grand Opera Theater to house a Peking Opera company.[11]

The Jackson Regrade began in 1907; workers leveled hills and used the resulting fill to reclaim tidal flats, making travel to downtown easier. As downtown property values rose, the Chinese were forced to other areas. By the early 1900s, a new Chinatown began to develop along King Street.[8] In 1910, Goon Dip, a prominent businessman in Seattle's Chinese American community,[12] led a group of Chinese Americans to form the Kong Yick Investment Company, a benefit society.[8] Their funding and efforts led to the construction of two buildings—the East Kong Yick Building and the West Kong Yick Building.[13]

Meanwhile, Filipino Americans began arriving to replace the Chinese dock workers, who had moved inland. According to Pamana I, a history of Filipino Americans in Seattle, they settled along First Hill and the hotels and boarding houses of Chinatown and Japantown beginning in the early 1920s. They were attracted to work as contract laborers in agriculture and salmon canneries.[14][15] Among them was Filipino author Carlos Bulosan, who wrote of his experiences and those of his countrymen in his novel America Is In The Heart (1946).[16] By the 1930s, a 'Manilatown' had been established near the corner of Maynard and King.[8]

In 1942, under the auspices of Executive Order 9066, the federal government forcibly removed and detained people of Japanese ancestry from Seattle and the West Coast in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Authorities moved them to inland internment camps, where they lived from 1942 to 1946. Most of Seattle's Japanese residents were sent to Minidoka in Idaho.[17] After the war, many returned to the Pacific Northwest but relocated to the suburbs or other districts in Seattle. A remaining vestige of the old community is the office of the North American Post, a Japanese-language newspaper founded in 1902. Another is the Panama Hotel, which was proclaimed a National Treasure in 2015 with a prior listing on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[18] Maneki, one of the oldest Japanese restaurants in the United States, reopened in its storage space after its original building was looted and vandalized during the war.[19] Uwajimaya, originally a Japantown store, moved down the hill into Chinatown.

African Americans moved to Seattle in the Great Migration, mostly out of the South, to work in the war industry during World War II, occupying many of the houses left vacant by the internment of the Japanese Americans. They filled the empty businesses along Jackson Street with notable jazz clubs.[6]

In 1951, Seattle Mayor William D. Devin proclaimed the area "International Center" because of the diversity of people who resided and worked in the vicinity. Businesswoman and later city councilwoman Ruby Chow and others criticized the use of "international" for masking Chinese American history. The use of "International District" by the city remains controversial.[6][20]

 
Aerial photograph of the CID in 1969, facing northeast. Prominent east–west streets (running from lower left to upper right) are Jackson (background) and King (foreground). I-5 at top of photograph.

Seattle's first neighborhood advocacy group, the Jackson Street Community Council, opposed the construction of an interstate highway through the area.[6] Despite protest, many Chinese and Japanese buildings and businesses were destroyed for the construction of Interstate 5 in the 1960s.[21] Ethnic Asians formed new civic organizations (as compared to the traditional Chinese family associations, tongs and social clubs) serve needs ranging from community health, care of the elderly, information and referrals, counseling, historic preservation, marketing of the area, and building low-income housing. The construction of the Kingdome in 1972 further boxed in the neighborhood, leading to renewed protests over the community's lack of representation, including an impromptu demonstration at the stadium's groundbreaking ceremony on November 2, 1972.[22][23]

With the fall of Saigon in 1975, a new wave of immigrants from Vietnam and Southeast Asia established Seattle's Little Saigon east of I-5. Many of these immigrants were of Chinese descent. Vietnamese pho was introduced to the city in 1982 with the opening of Phở Bắc, a restaurant most famous for its boat-like shape.[24] Meanwhile, Little Saigon gained its first grocery store with the opening of Viet-Wah in 1981; it was joined by Lam's Seafood Market in 1991 and Hau Hau Market in 1995.[25][26][27][28]

The worst mass murder in the history of Seattle took place at the Wah Mee Club on Maynard Alley on February 18, 1983. Thirteen people were killed.

In 1986, a portion of Chinatown and Japantown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the "Seattle Chinatown Historic District."[29] That year the Wing Luke Memorial Museum moved to 7th Avenue, a location it would occupy for two decades.

In 1999, the City Council approved the "Chinatown/International District Urban Village Strategic Plan" for the future of the neighborhood. This plan, agreed to by all major organizations in the CID, led to City Ordinance 119297. This ordinance enshrined the three neighborhoods of Chinatown, Japantown, Little Saigon and the Chinatown Historic District into one larger neighborhood with a compromised name. Since then, the often conflicting interests of development, preservation and the conversion of old buildings to low-income housing have clashed as office developments (e.g., Union Station) and market-rate housing developments are overwhelmed by drastic increases in low-income housing stock. In addition, controversy erupted over vacating S. Lane Street as part of a large redevelopment by the private business Uwajimaya. Protesters formed the Save Lane Street organization and insisted as business owners they supported re-development, but opposed vacating a public street for a private business use. After losing a lawsuit filed over the matter, the Save Lane Street group dissolved.[30]

21st century

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Uwajimaya, 2005

Construction on a paifang for the neighborhood began in 2006 and the Historic Chinatown Gate was unveiled on February 9, 2008. It stands at the west end of South King Street. It is 45 feet tall and made from steel and plaster.[31] The Wing Luke Museum moved to the East Kong Yick Building in 2008.[32]

 
The Japantown and Chinatown portions of the neighborhood, as seen from the Columbia Center in 2019

As part of projects intended to maintain the identity of the neighborhood, the Seattle Department of Transportation installed bilingual street name signs at its intersections starting in the summer of 2013. The Chinatown and Japantown neighborhoods received them with the initial installation; the Little Saigon neighborhood did not have the signs installed until August 2016. The signs feature a top section with the street's legal English names in white on a green background and a bottom section with white translated text in the neighborhoods' respective native languages on a brown background; traditional Chinese is featured in Chinatown while Japanese is featured in Japantown, with Vietnamese featured in Little Saigon.[33][34][35]

On February 28, 2019, police officers arrested five spa owners/operators and conducted a raid on 11 massage parlors, the majority of them on South Jackson Street within the neighborhood, in connection with an investigation into an alleged prostitution and money-laundering scheme that began in January 2015. 26 Chinese women, ranging in age from their late 20s to early 60s, were removed from the parlors; many of them were new arrivals that were not fluent in English. According to police and court documents, many of the women worked 14-hour shifts for six to seven days per week in decrepit conditions.[36]

Rise of homelessness and exodus

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The neighborhood has experienced gentrification since the early 2000s owing to a dramatic increase in overall demand for real estate development in the city. A May 2016 report from the National Coalition of Asian Pacific American Community Development revealed that overall city rents outgrew incomes by 45 percent from 2000 to 2014. As a result, a significant portion of its long-time residents have been displaced from their residences due to their inability to pay the increased rent, subsequently enduring homelessness due to the insufficient amount of affordable housing in the neighborhood.[37] The Nickelsville homeless encampment, established in 2008, moved in September 2014 to a site on South Dearborn Street opposite the onramp to northbound Interstate 5. The property owner evicted the encampment in February 2016 after its leader was ousted the year before due to on-site conflict, invalidating the agreement made with the owner; 16 remaining residents were cleared out peacefully on March 11.[38][39][40]

In a bid to address the city's worsening homeless crisis, Mayor Ed Murray announced on February 8, 2017, that the city would open a 24/7 homeless shelter similar to the navigation center opened by officials in San Francisco in 2015. After a search dating back to the previous June, the city selected the Pearl Warren Building on 12th Avenue South in the Little Saigon area, which was already hosting a traditional men's homeless shelter at the time. The selection was received with mixed to negative reaction from the Little Saigon community; many in the community were surprised by the announcement, claiming that the city did not ask them for input. While members stated that they were understanding of the need to handle the crisis, they held concerns about the potential for crime and sanitation issues. Backlash from the community, which included letters sent to him and protests outside Seattle City Hall, prompted Murray to announce on April 24 that he would halt the project until he could devise a plan that would satisfy community members. The center opened on July 12 with 75 beds and within its assigned budget of $2.7 million.[41][42][43]

Impromptu encampments were still prevalent within the neighborhood. After city officials cleared an encampment of around 20 shelters in a neighboring stairwell on April 22, 2020. Many campers migrated one block over to South Weller Street, which was lined with more than 30 shelters. The clearing occurred despite strict guidelines put in place with the COVID-19 pandemic due to the difficulty encountered by the Seattle Police Department in patrolling the stairwell.[44] As of October 2022, there were 15 encampments around the area, with severe public safety issues surrounding their presence cited as a major reason for a mass exodus of businesses from the neighborhood.[45][46] More than 19 businesses had shuttered operations in the area in that year, with Viet Wah's closure on September 30 among the most notable occurrences.[45][47] In an editorial regarding the Little Saigon section for The Seattle Times, an executive director of a local nonprofit (that also elected to move out) argued that private developers were contributing to the exodus by neglecting to maintain their properties in seeking a market rebound. According to a 2021 economic study of the neighborhood section, it was “rated as having high risk for displacement” owing to rapid residential growth, with around 1,145 new housing units built over the past four years.[48][49]

In 2023, it was the first neighborhood in the state to be included in the National Trust for Historic Preservation's annual list of America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places. The Chinatown neighborhood in Philadelphia was also included in the list, with the organization noting that less than half of such neighborhoods were still remaining out of 83 identified nationwide.[50]

Culture

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200m
220yds
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Selected locations in the Chinatown-International District 
  •  Points of interest 
  •  Parks and open spaces 
  •  Shops and restaurants 

1
Danny Woo Garden
2
Donnie Chin International Childrens Park
3
Hing Hay Park
4
Historic Chinatown Gate
5
Nippon Kan Theatre
6
Kobe Terrace
7
Panama Hotel
8
Uwajimaya
9
Wing Luke Museum

The neighborhood hosts a Lunar New Year festival near the East Asian Lunar New Year; Dragon Fest, a pan-Asian American festival, during the summer; and a night market in early fall.[51] The nonprofit Friends of Little Saigon hosts an annual Celebrate Little Saigon event that celebrates Vietnamese culture.[52]

Certain neighborhood buildings in CID incorporate Chinese architectural designs such as balconies on the second or third floors or tile roofs.[53] The neighborhood also has public art installations by artists such as George Tsutakawa and Norie Sato. Artists Meng Huang and Heather Presler installed Chinese dragon sculptures on lampposts along Jackson Street in 2002.[54]

Notable businesses and landmarks include:

 
Night market at Hing Hay Park (2015)
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An independent film called The Paper Tigers, a martial arts comedy, was filmed in the Chinatown-International District.[55][56] The district has a short appearance in the Naughty Dog's game The Last of Us Part II. During the gameplay players can visit devastated shops, restaurants, and the iconic Chinatown Gate.[citation needed] Part of the district is playable in Massive Entertainment's World in Conflict "Invasion" mission and Dome map.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "National Register Information System – (#86003153)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  2. ^ "Inventory—Nomination Form – (#86003153)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. Continuation sheet. Item number 7. Pages 6-12, 14-17, 19-23. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  3. ^ "Filipino Community". Seattle Chinatown–International District Preservation and Development Authority. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  4. ^ "2010 Census Data". United States Census. 2010. Archived from the original on May 16, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  5. ^ "International District". Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. City of Seattle. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d "Seattle Neighborhoods: Chinatown–International District – Thumbnail History – HistoryLink.org". www.historylink.org. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  7. ^ Ng, Assunta (September 26, 2013). "BLOG: Thinking big, that's their motto". Northwest Asian Weekly. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d "Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage: Seattle Chinatown Historic District, Seattle, Washington". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 8, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  9. ^ Lei, Owen (July 17, 2011). "Seattle man champions changing a century-old street name". KING-TV. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011. City ordinance 4044, enacted Dec. 23, 1895, changed the name "Mikado" to Dearborn Street as part of a city-wide plan to standardize street names in a booming urban area. Section 276 of the bill stated, 'That the names of Alaska Street, Mikado Street, Modjeska Street, Cullen Street, Florence Street and Duke Street, from Elliott Bay to Lake Washington, be and the same are changed to Dearborn Street.'
  10. ^ Takami, David A. (1998). Divided Destiny: A History of Japanese Americans in Seattle. United States: University of Washington Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-295-97762-0.
  11. ^ Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed. (2014). "Chinn, Wing Sam". Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-295-99348-5. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  12. ^ "Seattle's Chinatown/International District". Wing Luke Museum. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
  13. ^ "Building and Architecture > Wing Luke Museum". Wing Luke Museum. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  14. ^ Mejia-Giudici, Cynthia (December 3, 1998). "Filipino Cannery Workers". HistoryLink. Archived from the original on November 23, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  15. ^ "Filipino Cannery Unionism Across Three Generations 1930s-1980s". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, University of Washington. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  16. ^ Mejia-Giudici, Cynthia (February 14, 2003). "Bulosan, Carlos (1911?-1956), Writer". HistoryLink. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  17. ^ "Japanese American Internment during World War II". Friends of Minidoka. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  18. ^ Broom, Jack (July 26, 2015). "Seattle's Panama Hotel deemed a National Treasur". Seattle Times. Seattle Times Company. Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  19. ^ Imperial, Aileen (May 18, 2017). "The history and people behind Seattle's oldest sushi restaurant". Crosscut. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  20. ^ "Name feud clouds opening of library". The Seattle Times. June 11, 2005. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  21. ^ Crowley, Walt (1998). "Chinatown-International District". National Trust Guide Seattle: Americ's Guide for Architecture and History Travelers. New York City: Preservation Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-471-18044-0. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  22. ^ Tsutakawa, Mayumi (July 8, 1999). "How The Kingdome Spurred The Asian-American Community's Coming Of Age". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  23. ^ "Kingdome Protest and HUD March". The Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  24. ^ "A culinary pho-nomenon: The history of pho in Seattle". MyNorthwest.com. November 4, 2014. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  25. ^ Simon, Jim (May 21, 1995). "Immigrant's Sweet Success -- He Has A Taste For Business". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  26. ^ Susskind, Jonathan (January 20, 1993). "PHO, FISH AND FUN - ENTICING VIET FARE". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. p. C1.
  27. ^ Wang, Elizabeth (April 12, 2012). "Market owner Yen Lam-Steward celebrates 21 meaningful years at Lam's Seafood Market". Northwest Asian Weekly. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  28. ^ Beason, Tyrone (March 15, 2013). "Exploring Seattle's most interesting intersections". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  29. ^ Lowe, Turkiya L.; Taylor, Quintard. Recommendations for National Register Designation of Properties Associated With Civil Rights in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (PDF) (Report). National Park Service. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2012. Rainier Heat and Power Company
  30. ^ Jacklet, Ben (July 15, 1999). "The Great Mall of Chinatown". The Stranger. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  31. ^ Wong, Brad (January 6, 2008). "Historic gate provides another link to Chinatown's roots". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  32. ^ Rothstein, Edward (May 31, 2008). "Seattle Asian Museum Moves Around the Corner and Into Its Identity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  33. ^ "New Bilingual Street Name Signs Unveiled in the Chinatown-International District" (Press release). Office of the Mayor of Seattle. July 13, 2013. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  34. ^ Keeley, Sean (July 17, 2013). "Bilingual Street Signs Coming To Chinatown-International District". Curbed Seattle. Vox Media. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  35. ^ Keeley, Sean (August 26, 2016). "SDOT introduces bilingual street signs in Seattle's Little Saigon". Curbed Seattle. Vox Media. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  36. ^ Green, Sara Jean (March 7, 2019). "Major prostitution bust: Seattle police raid 11 massage parlors, freeing 26 women". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  37. ^ Gunawan, Imana (January 25, 2017). "Lunar New Year celebrations 'struggle with identity' as neighborhoods change". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  38. ^ Herz, Ansel (August 21, 2014). "Homeless Encampment Nickelsville Will Move to International District". The Stranger. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  39. ^ Beekman, Daniel (February 7, 2015). "Nickelsville boots leader; homeless site now teetering". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  40. ^ Browning, Paige; Jones, Liz (March 11, 2016). "Homeless Residents Booted From Nickelsville Camp In Seattle". KUOW. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  41. ^ Beekman, Daniel (February 8, 2017). "San Francisco-style homeless shelter expected to open in Seattle's Chinatown International District". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  42. ^ Knauf, Ana Sofia (May 3, 2017). "Proposed Low-Barrier Homeless Shelter Riles Little Saigon Residents". The Stranger. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  43. ^ Coleman, Vernal (July 10, 2017). "A new way to help Seattle's homeless: Navigation Center set to open Wednesday". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  44. ^ Brownstone, Sydney (April 22, 2020). "City of Seattle clears encampment in Chinatown-ID area as homeless coronavirus cases rise". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  45. ^ a b Ng, Assunta (October 27, 2022). "The mass exodus from Chinatown: Businesses finally break their silence". Northwest Asian Weekly. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  46. ^ Vinh, Tan (November 27, 2021). "Little Saigon might lose 2 big-name restaurants due to lack of walk-in traffic, and 9 other Seattle-area closures". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  47. ^ Rosenblatt, Lauren (October 1, 2022). "Citing crime, COVID and costs, Seattle's Viet-Wah supermarket shutters". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  48. ^ The Seattle Times editorial board (December 15, 2022). "Seattle's Little Saigon gets help, but so much more is needed". Editorial. The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  49. ^ ECONorthwest (September 23, 2021). Little Sàigòn Project Summary (PDF) (Report). City of Seattle. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  50. ^ Lindblom, Mike (May 9, 2023). "Seattle neighborhood named to 'Most Endangered Historic Places' list". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  51. ^ "CIDBIA Events". cidbia.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  52. ^ "Events". Friends of Little Saigon. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  53. ^ Poe, Nathan. "Seattle International District--Seattle, Washington: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  54. ^ "Chinatown/International District (CID)" (PDF). Map: Seattle Public Art (PDF). City of Seattle Office of Arts & Culture. pp. 22, 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  55. ^ "Seattle filmmaker says Hollywood wouldn't make his film unless he replaced his POC cast with white actors". MyNorthwest.com. May 4, 2021. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  56. ^ "'The Paper Tigers' Plays with Seattle's Martial Arts Lore". Seattle Met. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.

Further reading

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  • Bulosan, Carlos. America is in the Heart (1946)
  • Chew, Ron, ed. Reflections.
  • City Ordinance 119297. www.seattle.gov
  • De Barros, Paul. Jackson Street After Hours: The Roots of Jazz in Seattle (1993)
  • Filipino American National Historical Society. Pamana I. Seattle, Washington.
  • Filipino American National Historical Society. Pamana II. Seattle, Washington.
  • Filipino American National Historical Society. Pamana III. Seattle: 2012.
  • George, Kathy. "Seattle's Japantown remembered" (Archive). Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Sunday November 21, 2004.
  • Ho, Chui Mei. Goon Dip.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to International District, Seattle, Washington.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Seattle/Pioneer Square-International District.

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