Indian Independence Act 1947

Indian Independence Act 1947
Act of Parliament
	Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to make provision for the setting up in India of two independent dominion states, to substitute other provisions for certain provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, which apply outside those dominions, and to provide for other matters consequential on or connected with the setting up of those Dominions.
Citation	10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30
Territorial extent	United Kingdom; British India;
Dates
Royal assent	18 July 1947
Commencement	15 August 1947
Repealed	26 January 1950 (India); 23 March 1956 (Pakistan)
Other legislation
Repealed by	Constitution of India (India); Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 (Pakistan)
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted
Revised text of statute as amended

The Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan. The Act received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947 and thus modern-day India and Pakistan, comprising west (modern day Pakistan) and east (modern day Bangladesh) regions, came into being on 15 August.^[1]^[a]

The legislature representatives of the Indian National Congress,^[2] the Muslim League,^[3] and the Sikh community^[4] came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten, then Viceroy and Governor-General of India, on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan.

Prelude

Attlee's announcement

Clement Attlee, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, announced on 20 February 1947 that:

The British Government would grant full self-government to British India by 3 June 1948 at the latest,
The future of the Princely States would be decided after the date of final transfer is decided.^[5]

Third June Plan

The 3rd June 1947 Plan was also known as the Mountbatten Plan. The British government proposed a plan, announced on 3 June 1947, that included these principles:

Principle of the partition of British India was accepted by the British Government
Successor governments would be given dominion status
Autonomy and sovereignty to both countries
Can make their own constitution
Princely states were given the right to join either India or Pakistan (with no option to remain independent), based on two major factors: geographical contiguity and the people's wishes.^[6]^[7]

Provisions

The Act's most important provisions were:

Division of British India into the two new dominions – the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan – with effect from 15 August 1947;
Partition of the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new countries;
Establishment of the office of Governor-General in each of the two new countries, as representatives of the Crown;
Conferral of complete legislative authority upon the respective Constituent Assemblies of the two new countries;
Termination of British suzerainty over the princely states, with effect from 15 August 1947. These states could decide to join either India or Pakistan;^[8]^[9]
Abolition of the use of the title "Emperor of India" by the British monarch (this was subsequently executed by King George VI by royal proclamation on 22 June 1948);

The Act also made provision for the division of joint property, etc. between the two new countries, including in particular the division of the armed forces.

Salient features

Two new dominion states: Two new dominions were to emerge from the Indian empire: India and Pakistan.
Appointed Date: 15 August 1947 was declared as the appointed date for the partition.
Territories:
1. Pakistan: East Bengal, West Punjab, Sindh, and Chief Commissioner's Province of Baluchistan.
2. The fate of the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was subject to the result of a referendum.
3. Bengal & Assam:
  1. The province of Bengal as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist.
  2. In lieu thereof two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as East Bengal and West Bengal.
  3. The fate of District Sylhet, in the province of Assam, was to be decided in a referendum.
4. Punjab:
  1. The province as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist.
  2. Two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as West Punjab and East Punjab.
The boundaries of the new provinces were to be determined, whether before or after the appointed date, by the award of a boundary commission to be appointed by the Governor-General.
Constitution for the New Dominions: until the time of the making of the new constitution, the new dominions and the provinces thereof were to be governed by the Government of India Act 1935. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion).
The Governors-General of the new dominions:
1. For each of the new dominions a new Governor-General was to be appointed by the Crown, subject to the law of the legislature of either of the new dominions.
2. Same person as Governor-General of both dominions: if unless and until provision to the contrary was made by a law of the legislature of either of the new dominions, the same person could be the Governor-General of both.
Powers of Governor-General: (Section-9)
1. The Governor-General was empowered to bring this Act into force.
2. Division of territories, powers, duties, rights, assets, liabilities, etc., was the responsibility of Governor General.
3. To adopt, amend, Government of India Act 1935, as the Governor-General may consider it necessary.
4. power to introduce any change was until 31 March 1948, after that it was open to the constituent assembly to modify or adopt the same Act. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
5. Governor-General had full powers to give assent to any law.
Legislation for the new dominions:
1. The existing legislative setup was allowed to continue as Constitution making body as well as a legislature. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
2. The legislature of each dominion was given full powers to make laws for that dominion, including laws having extraterritorial operation.
3. No Act of Parliament of UK passed after the appointed date would be extended to the territories of new dominions.
4. No law and provision of any law made by the legislature of the new dominions shall be void or inoperative on the ground that it is repugnant to the law of England.
5. The Governor-General of each dominion had full powers to give assent in His Majesty's name to any law of the legislature. [Configuration of Pakistan's Constitution Assembly (CAP I): 69 members of the central legislature + 10 immigrant members= 79].
Consequences of setting up of the new dominions:
1. His Majesty's Government lost all the responsibility to the new dominions.
2. The suzerainty of His Majesty's Government over the Indian States lapsed.
3. All the treaties or agreements with the Indian States and the tribal areas that were in force at the passing of the act lapsed.
4. The title of "Emperor of India" was dropped from the titles of British Crown.
5. The office of Secretary of State for India was abolished and the provisions of GOI Act 1935 relating to the appointments to the civil service or civil posts under the crown by the secretary of the state ceased to operate.
Civil servants: Section 10 provided for the continuance of service of the government servants appointed on or before 15 August 1947 under the Governments of new Dominions with full benefits.
Armed Forces: Sections 11, 12, and 13 dealt with the future of the Indian armed forces. A Partition Committee was formed on 7 June 1947, with two representatives from each side and the viceroy in the chair, to decide about the division thereof. As soon as the process of partition was to start it was to be replaced by a Partition Council with a similar structure.
First and Second Schedules:
1. First Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of East Bengal:
  1. Chittagong Division: Districts of Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Noakhali and Tipperah.
  2. Dacca Division: Districts of Bakarganj, Dacca, Faridpur, and Mymensingh.
  3. Presidency Division: Districts of Jessore (except Bangaon Tehsil), and Kustia and Meherpur Tehsils (of Nadia district).
  4. Rajshahi Division:Districts of Bogra, Dinajpur (except Raiganj and Balurghat Tehsil), Rajshahi, Rangpur and Nawabganj Tehsil (of Malda district).
2. Second Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of West Punjab:
  1. Lahore Division: Districts of Gujranwala, Lahore (except Patti Tehsil), Sheikhupura, Sialkot and Shakargarh Tehsil (of Gurdaspur district).
  2. Rawalpindi Division: Districts of Attock, Gujrat, Jehlum, Rawalpindi and Shahpur.
  3. Multan Division: Districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Jhang, Lyallpur, Montgomery, Multan and Muzaffargarh.^[10]

Partition

There was much violence, and many Muslims from what would become India fled to Pakistan; and Hindus and Sikhs from what would become Pakistan fled to India. Many people left behind all their possessions and property to avoid the violence and flee to their new country.^[11]

Princely states

The territory of British India partitioned between India (red) and Pakistan (green). The remaining unshaded areas were princely states.

On 25 July 1947, Mountbatten held a meeting with the Chamber of Princes, where he addressed the question of the princely states, of which there were 562. The treaty relations between Britain and the Indian States would come to an end, and on 15 August 1947 the suzerainty of the British Crown was to lapse. Mountbatten ruled out any dominion status for any of the princely states, and advised them to accede to one or the other of the dominions, India and Pakistan, according to geographical contiguity. Although it was possible for the states to remain independent to some extent after 15 August, their dependency on the British government of India for defence, foreign affairs, communication and other matters rendered such freedom meaningless.^[12]^[13]

India

Lord Mountbatten continued as the first Governor General of independent India. Jawaharlal Nehru became the prime minister and Vallabhbhai Patel became the home minister.

Over 550 princely states, almost all of the states contiguous with the territory of India, acceded to India by 15 August. The exceptions were Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Jammu and Kashmir.

The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, although governed by a Hindu ruler, had a predominantly Muslim population, with over 77.11% of its constituents identified as Muslims according to the 1941 census. The state, which was contiguous to both India and Pakistan, chose to remain independent (in status quo) "for the time being". Following a Pakistani tribal invasion, Hari Singh acceded to India on 26 October 1947, and the state was disputed between India and Pakistan.^[14]

The state of Junagadh initially acceded to Pakistan but faced a revolt from its Hindu population. India considered the accession of Junagadh invalid because it violated the principle of geographical contiguity of the partition, but Pakistan argued that the maritime border of Junagadh is connected to Pakistan by sea route. Following a breakdown of law and order, its Dewan requested India to take over the administration on 8 November 1947. India conducted a referendum in the state on 20 February 1948, in which the people voted overwhelmingly to join India.

The state of Hyderabad had a majority Hindu population but also a Muslim ruler with a large Muslim minority. The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to get Dominion status. Hyderabad elected to maintain its independence and lobbied internationally for recognition. However, it faced the pro-communist Telangana Rebellion and agitation by Indian nationalists opposed to its independence. On 13 September 1948, the Indian government launched an invasion of Hyderabad called Operation Polo. The Hyderabadi military was defeated over five days of fighting. With his state about to be over run, the Nizam signed the Instrument of Accession, joining India. The formal integration of Hyderabad into the dominion of India took place much later on January 25, 1950, when the Nizam signed the Instrument of Accession with the central government. A day later, as India became a republic on January 26, the Nizam took over as the Raj Pramukh or governor.

Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan, and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Between October 1947 and March 1948 the rulers of several Muslim-majority states signed instruments of accession to join Pakistan. These included Amb, Bahawalpur, Chitral, Dir, Kalat, Khairpur, Kharan, Las Bela, Makran, and Swat.^[15]^[16] The Khanate of Kalat initially elected to resume its independence, until 27 March 1948 when its ruler acceded to Pakistan.

Repeal

The Indian Independence Act was subsequently repealed in Article 395 of the Constitution of India and in Article 221 of the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956,^[17] both constitutions being intended to bring about greater independence for the new states. The Act has not been repealed in the United Kingdom, where it still has an effect, although some sections of it have been repealed.

Notes

^ Independence was at midnight on the 14/15 August, Pakistan chose to celebrate independence on the 14th and India on the 15th.

References

^ Hoshiar Singh, Pankaj Singh; Singh Hoshiar (2011). Indian Administration. Pearson Education India. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-317-6119-9. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
^ represented by Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Acharya Kripalani
^ represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan, and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar.
^ represented by Sardar Baldev Singh
^ Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru : a biography (1. publ. ed.). New Delhi [u.a.]: Allied Publ. p. 151. ISBN 9788170233695.
^ Zain, Omer Farooq (April 2006). "Siachen Glacier Conflict: Discordant in Pakistan-India Reconciliation". Pakistan Horizon. 59 (2): 74–75. JSTOR 41394127. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
^ Moeed Pirzada, "Kashmir, Gurdaspur & Mountbatten?", Global Village Space, 21 August 2020.
^ Mehrotra, S.R. (1979). Towards Indias Freedom And Partition. Delhi: Vikash Publishing House. p. 247. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."
^ "Salient features of the act" (PDF). Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ "The history of partition". Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ Bhargava, R. P. (1991), The Chamber of Princes, Northern Book Centre, p. 313, ISBN 978-81-7211-005-5
^ Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012) [first published 1968], Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, p. 79, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6
^ Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, p. 359, ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6
^ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, pp. 12–13, ISBN 978-8131708460
^ Z. H. Zaidi, ed., Jinnah Papers: The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan, vol. VIII (Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan, 2003), p. 113
^ "Article 221: The Government of India Act, 1935, and the Indian Independence Act, 1947, together with all enactments amending or supplementing those Acts, are hereby repealed: Provided that the repeal of the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, applicable for the purposes of Article 230 shall not take effect until the first day of April, 1957."

External links

Indian Independence Bill,1947 Archived 3 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
"Indian Independence Act 1947 (c.30)" (PDF). Original Statute from The UK Statute Law Database. Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives, UK. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
"Indian Independence Act 1947 (c.30)". Revised Statute from The UK Statute Law Database. Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives, UK. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
Image of the Act on the UK Parliamentary website

[2] Independence was at midnight on the 14/15 August, Pakistan chose to celebrate independence on the 14th and India on the 15th.

[SinghHoshiar-1] Hoshiar Singh, Pankaj Singh; Singh Hoshiar (2011). Indian Administration. Pearson Education India. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-317-6119-9. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

[3] represented by Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Acharya Kripalani

[4] represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan, and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar.

[5] represented by Sardar Baldev Singh

[6] Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru : a biography (1. publ. ed.). New Delhi [u.a.]: Allied Publ. p. 151. ISBN 9788170233695.

[7] Zain, Omer Farooq (April 2006). "Siachen Glacier Conflict: Discordant in Pakistan-India Reconciliation". Pakistan Horizon. 59 (2): 74–75. JSTOR 41394127. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

[8] Moeed Pirzada, "Kashmir, Gurdaspur & Mountbatten?", Global Village Space, 21 August 2020.

[9] Mehrotra, S.R. (1979). Towards Indias Freedom And Partition. Delhi: Vikash Publishing House. p. 247. Retrieved 17 August 2019.

[10] See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."

[salient-11] "Salient features of the act" (PDF). Retrieved 9 February 2013.

[12] "The history of partition". Retrieved 9 February 2013.

[13] Bhargava, R. P. (1991), The Chamber of Princes, Northern Book Centre, p. 313, ISBN 978-81-7211-005-5

[14] Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012) [first published 1968], Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, p. 79, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6

[SteinArnold2010-15] Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, p. 359, ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6

[Behera-16] Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, pp. 12–13, ISBN 978-8131708460

[17] Z. H. Zaidi, ed., Jinnah Papers: The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan, vol. VIII (Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan, 2003), p. 113

[18] "Article 221: The Government of India Act, 1935, and the Indian Independence Act, 1947, together with all enactments amending or supplementing those Acts, are hereby repealed: Provided that the repeal of the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, applicable for the purposes of Article 230 shall not take effect until the first day of April, 1957."

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