Athletes have competed as independent Olympians at the Olympic Games for various reasons, including political transition, international sanctions, suspensions of National Olympic Committees, and compassion. Independent athletes have come from North Macedonia, East Timor, South Sudan and Curaçao following geopolitical changes in the years before the Olympics, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (present-day Serbia and Montenegro) as a result of international sanctions, and from India and Kuwait due to the suspensions of their National Olympic Committees. Starting from 2018, athletes from Russia have competed under a neutral designation for various reasoms, mainly mass violations of anti-doping rules and since 2022, the Belarus-assisted invasion of Ukraine.
| Independent Olympians at the Olympics | |
|---|---|
 | |
| IOC code | IOP, IOA, OAR |
| Summer appearances | |
| Independent Olympic Participants (1992) Individual Olympic Athletes (2000) Independent Olympic Athletes (2012) Independent Olympic Athletes (2016) ROC (2020) Individual Neutral Athletes (2024) | |
| Winter appearances | |
| Independent Olympic Participants (2014) Olympic Athletes from Russia (2018) ROC (2022) | |
Apart from Russian athltes who won more than hundred medals under a neutral designation, medals were won by independent Olympians at the 1992 and 2016 Olympics, both times in shooting. The naming and country code conventions for these independent Olympians have not been consistent. Independent Paralympians have participated at Paralympic Games for the same reasons as independent Olympians.
Precursors
editPrior to the 1906 Intercalated Games, entry was not restricted to teams nominated by National Olympic Committees (NOCs). Mixed-nationality teams competed in some team events. Participants in individual events are retrospectively credited to their nationality of the time.[citation needed]
The 1940 Winter Olympics was reassigned to Garmisch-Partenkirchen in spring 1939. In concert with German claims on Czechoslovakia, the organisers refused to recognise the Czechoslovakia NOC; however, they were prepared to allow its athletes to enter under the Olympic flag.[1] In any event, the Games were cancelled because of World War II.[1]
During the Cold War, some athletes who emigrated from Soviet Bloc countries were unable to compete at the Olympics, as their original state's NOC neither wanted them on its own team nor gave them permission to transfer nationality. Some applied to compete as individuals in 1952 and 1956 but were refused.[2]
When Guyana joined the 1976 Olympic boycott, its sprinter James Gilkes asked the IOC to be allowed to compete as an individual, but was refused.[3][4][5]
The IOC first made provisions for athletes to compete under the Olympic flag in time for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Some NOCs, mostly from Western Europe, wished to attend the Games despite their governments' support for the American-led boycott in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The NOCs hesitated to use national symbols without government approval, so the IOC relaxed this requirement: 14 NOCs competed under the Olympic flag, while three, New Zealand, Spain and Portugal, competed under their respective NOCs' flag.[6][7][8]
1992 Winter and Summer Olympics
editIndependent Olympic Participants
editDuring the 1992 Summer Olympics, athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Macedonia competed as Independent Olympic participants. Macedonian athletes could not appear under their own flag because their National Olympic Committee (NOC) had not yet been formed. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) was under United Nations sanctions which prevented the country from taking part in the Olympics. However, individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as independent Olympic participants. 58 athletes competed as independent Olympic participants, winning three medals.
| Medal | Name | Nationality[a] | Games | Sport | Events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Silver |
Jasna Šekarić | FR Yugoslavia | 1992 Barcelona | Shooting | Women's 10 m air pistol |
 Bronze |
Aranka Binder | FR Yugoslavia | 1992 Barcelona | Shooting | Women's 10 m air rifle |
| Bronze |
Stevan Pletikosić | FR Yugoslavia | 1992 Barcelona | Shooting | Men's 50 m rifle prone |
Unified Team
editThe former Soviet Union (except the Baltic states) competed under the Olympic flag at the 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics as the Unified Team.
2000 Summer Olympics
editAt the 2000 Summer Olympics, four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes during the country's transition to independence.
2012 Summer Olympics
editFour athletes competed as Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles and subsequent withdrawal of the country's National Olympic Committee, three athletes from the country who qualified for the Games were allowed to compete independently. Several others competed for either Aruba or the Netherlands.
The National Olympic Committee for South Sudan was not established between the formation of that state and the 2012 Olympic qualifying. One athlete from South Sudan, Guor Marial, qualified for the Games and was allowed to compete as an independent.
Athletes from Kuwait were originally allowed to compete as Independent Olympic Athletes as well, because their National Olympic Committee was suspended. However, the NOC was reinstated allowing the athletes to compete under their own flag. Kuwait competed under the Olympic flag at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics and 2010 Asian Games.[9]
2014 Winter Olympics
editThe Indian Olympic Association was suspended from the IOC in December 2012, due to problems with its electoral process.[10] New elections were scheduled for 9 February 2014, two days after the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics.[11] Therefore, the three Indian athletes who qualified for the Games were scheduled to compete as Independent Olympic Participants.[10]
On 8 and 9 February, Shiva Keshavan participated in the luge competition and received 38th place. He would end up being the only athlete to officially compete as an Independent Olympic Participant.
On 11 February 2014, the IOC reinstated the Indian Olympic Association after Narayana Ramachandran, the president of the World Squash Federation, was voted in as the new president of the Indian Olympic Association, allowing the two remaining athletes to compete under the Indian flag rather than as independent athletes. This was the first time such a reinstatement of a NOC occurred as the Olympic Games were underway.[12][13]
2016 Summer Olympics
editKuwaiti athletes competed independently, as the Kuwait Olympic Committee was suspended by the International Olympic Committee due to governmental interference.[14][15][16] This was the second suspension in five years; the first suspension resulted in Kuwaiti athletes being forced to compete under the Olympic flag as Athletes from Kuwait at the 2010 Asian Games. Fehaid Al-Deehani became the first Independent Olympic Athlete to win a gold medal. Like with some gold medals of the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics, the Olympic Hymn was played in the victory ceremony.
Refugees were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag (one of two delegations to compete under that flag, alongside Kuwaiti IOAs) at the 2016 Summer Olympics, under the label Refugee Olympic Team. Ten athletes from four countries competed for this team.[17]
Due to widespread state-controlled doping in Russia, the International Association of Athletics Federations suspended the All-Russia Athletic Federation in November 2015. As a result, no Russian athlete would be able to compete internationally, including the 2016 Olympics, until the suspension was lifted. The IAAF announced a path for athletes who train outside the Russian system and could prove themselves to be clean, as well as those who have helped in the fight against doping, to be eligible to compete as neutral athletes at the 2016 Olympics.[18] Two athletes, Darya Klishina and Yuliya Stepanova were initially cleared for competition, as Independent Athletes.[19]
Although Yulia Stepanova was cleared by IAAF because of her revelations regarding Russia's systemic doping program, and the IOC's recognition of her "contribution to the protection and promotion of clean athletes", she was banned by the IOC in line with the decision to ban all Russian athletes with previous doping convictions.[20] The IOC also rejected the suggestion that 'neutral' athletes could compete outside of national selection.[21] Klishina was subsequently confirmed as competing under Russian colours, the country's only competitor in athletics at the 2016 Olympics.[22]
| Medal | Name | Nationality[a] | Games | Sport | Events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Gold |
Fehaid Al-Deehani | Kuwait | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | Shooting | Men's double trap |
| Bronze |
Abdullah Al-Rashidi | Kuwait | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | Shooting | Men's skeet |
2018 Winter Olympics
editOn 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics over its state-sponsored doping program. Russian athletes were allowed to participate under the Olympic flag as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) if they were cleared by a panel, which was chaired by Valerie Fourneyron and had representatives from the IOC, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and the Doping Free Sport Unit of the Global Association of International Sports Federations.[23][24][25]
2020 Summer Olympics
editThe IOC Refugee Olympic Team competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, as independent Olympic participants.[26] Twenty-nine athletes from 12 sports and 18 countries competed for this team. The IOC code was changed to the French acronym "EOR" which stands for Équipe olympique des réfugiés.[26]
Following a decision by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym "ROC", after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee. In the aftermatch, the IOC announced that the Russian national flag would be substituted by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee. It would also be allowed to use team uniforms featuring the Russian national colours, the logo of the Russian Olympic Committee and bearing the acronym "ROC".[27][28]
2022 Winter Olympics
editSimilarly to the 2020 Summer Olympics, Russia competed in the 2022 Beijing Games under the "ROC" acronym due to WADA's sanctions.[27]
2024 Summer Olympics
edit| Medal | Name | Country | Sport | Event | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold
|
Ivan Litvinovich | Belarus | Gymnastics | Men's trampoline | 2 August |
| Silver
|
Viyaleta Bardzilouskaya | Belarus | Gymnastics | Women's trampoline | 2 August |
| Silver
|
Yauheni Zalaty | Belarus | Rowing | Men's single sculls | 3 August |
| Silver
|
Mirra Andreeva Diana Shnaider |
Russia | Tennis | Women's doubles | 4 August |
| Bronze
|
Yauheni Tsikhantsou | Belarus | Weightlifting | Men's – 102 kg | 10 August |
See also
editFootnotes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Scharenberg, Swantje (2004). "1940 Olympic Winter Games (Never Held)". In John E. Findling, Kimberly D. Pelle (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 310. ISBN 9780313322785. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Espy 1981, pp.168–9
- ^ "Guyana: Olympic tradition". NBC Olympics. NBC. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ Anderson, Dave (26 July 1976). "James Wilkes [sic] deserved to compete in Olympics". Lethbridge Herald. p. 12.
- ^ "James Gilkes: A lost opportunity". Stabroek News. 15 August 2008. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Espy 1981, p.196
- ^ "Around the National Olympic Committees: Declaration by 18 European NOCs" (PDF). Olympic Review (151). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: 273. May 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ Barker, Philip (July 2010). "The Hidden Legacies of Moscow '80: Changes in Ceremonial and Attitudes" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 18 (2). ISOH: 32–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ "Olympics-Kuwait to hoist the flag at Games after row resolved". Reuters. 14 July 2012. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Indian athletes to compete under Olympic flag at Sochi Games". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Shiva Keshavan qualifies for Sochi Winter Olympics". The Times of India. 19 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "International Olympic Committee reinstates India at Sochi after ban". CNN. 11 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- ^ "IOC Executive Board lifts suspension of NOC of India". 21 July 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "IOC suspends Kuwait's national Olympic committee". USA Today. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ "Suspension of the Kuwait Olympic Committee". Olympics. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ "Independent Olympic Athletes". Rio2016.com. Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Team of Refugee Olympic Athletes (ROA) created by the IOC". IOC. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ "Russians, Kenyans to face evaluation for Rio Games spots, IOC chief Thomas Bach says". ABC News. 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ Yeung, Peter (10 July 2016). "Rio 2016: Every Russian athlete except Darya Klishina and Yuliya Stepanova rejected from competing at Olympics". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ "Decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016". IOC. 24 July 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ^ "Background Information to the decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016". 24 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^ Gleeson, Matthew (31 July 2016). "Russian Darya Klishina training where Australians train ahead of 2016 Rio Olympics". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ "IOC bans Russia from Pyeongchang Olympics, but will allow clean athletes to compete as neutrals". National Post. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ Ruiz, Rebecca; Panja, Tariq (5 December 2017). "Russia Banned from Winter Olympics by I.O.C." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ Hobson, Will (5 December 2017). "Russia banned from 2018 Olympics for widespread doping program". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ a b "29 refugee athletes to send a message of solidarity and hope to the world at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020". Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ a b "Olympics: Russia to compete under ROC acronym in Tokyo as part of doping sanctions". Reuters. Reuters. 19 February 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ "Russia's flag banned but national colors on Olympic uniforms". AP News.
- ^ "BEIJING 2022 FIGURE SKATING TEAM EVENT RESULTS". International Olympic Committee. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
Sources
edit- Espy, Richard (1981). The Politics of the Olympic Games: With an Epilogue, 1976-1980. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520043954. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
External links
edit- "Olympic Results". International Olympic Committee.
- "Individual Olympic Athletes". Olympedia.com.
- "Olympic Analytics/IOA". olympanalyt.com.