Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games

(Redirected from Independent Participant)

Athletes have competed as independent Olympians at the Olympic Games for various reasons, including political transition, international sanctions, suspensions of National Olympic Committees, and compassion. Independent athletes have come from North Macedonia, East Timor, South Sudan and Curaçao following geopolitical changes in the years before the Olympics, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (present-day Serbia and Montenegro) as a result of international sanctions, and from India and Kuwait due to the suspensions of their National Olympic Committees. Starting from 2018, athletes from Russia have competed under a neutral designation for various reasoms, mainly mass violations of anti-doping rules and since 2022, the Belarus-assisted invasion of Ukraine.

Independent Olympians at the
Olympics
IOC codeIOP, IOA, OAR
Summer appearances
Independent Olympic Participants (1992)
Individual Olympic Athletes (2000)
Independent Olympic Athletes (2012)
Independent Olympic Athletes (2016)
ROC (2020)
Individual Neutral Athletes (2024)
Winter appearances
Independent Olympic Participants (2014)
Olympic Athletes from Russia (2018)
ROC (2022)

Apart from Russian athltes who won more than hundred medals under a neutral designation, medals were won by independent Olympians at the 1992 and 2016 Olympics, both times in shooting. The naming and country code conventions for these independent Olympians have not been consistent. Independent Paralympians have participated at Paralympic Games for the same reasons as independent Olympians.

Precursors

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Prior to the 1906 Intercalated Games, entry was not restricted to teams nominated by National Olympic Committees (NOCs). Mixed-nationality teams competed in some team events. Participants in individual events are retrospectively credited to their nationality of the time.[citation needed]

The 1940 Winter Olympics was reassigned to Garmisch-Partenkirchen in spring 1939. In concert with German claims on Czechoslovakia, the organisers refused to recognise the Czechoslovakia NOC; however, they were prepared to allow its athletes to enter under the Olympic flag.[1] In any event, the Games were cancelled because of World War II.[1]

During the Cold War, some athletes who emigrated from Soviet Bloc countries were unable to compete at the Olympics, as their original state's NOC neither wanted them on its own team nor gave them permission to transfer nationality. Some applied to compete as individuals in 1952 and 1956 but were refused.[2]

When Guyana joined the 1976 Olympic boycott, its sprinter James Gilkes asked the IOC to be allowed to compete as an individual, but was refused.[3][4][5]

The IOC first made provisions for athletes to compete under the Olympic flag in time for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Some NOCs, mostly from Western Europe, wished to attend the Games despite their governments' support for the American-led boycott in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The NOCs hesitated to use national symbols without government approval, so the IOC relaxed this requirement: 14 NOCs competed under the Olympic flag, while three, New Zealand, Spain and Portugal, competed under their respective NOCs' flag.[6][7][8]

1992 Winter and Summer Olympics

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Independent Olympic Participants

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During the 1992 Summer Olympics, athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Macedonia competed as Independent Olympic participants. Macedonian athletes could not appear under their own flag because their National Olympic Committee (NOC) had not yet been formed. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) was under United Nations sanctions which prevented the country from taking part in the Olympics. However, individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as independent Olympic participants. 58 athletes competed as independent Olympic participants, winning three medals.

Medal Name Nationality[a] Games Sport Events
  Silver Jasna Šekarić FR Yugoslavia 1992 Barcelona Shooting Women's 10 m air pistol
  Bronze Aranka Binder FR Yugoslavia 1992 Barcelona Shooting Women's 10 m air rifle
  Bronze Stevan Pletikosić FR Yugoslavia 1992 Barcelona Shooting Men's 50 m rifle prone

Unified Team

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The former Soviet Union (except the Baltic states) competed under the Olympic flag at the 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics as the Unified Team.

2000 Summer Olympics

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At the 2000 Summer Olympics, four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes during the country's transition to independence.

2012 Summer Olympics

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Four athletes competed as Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles and subsequent withdrawal of the country's National Olympic Committee, three athletes from the country who qualified for the Games were allowed to compete independently. Several others competed for either Aruba or the Netherlands.

The National Olympic Committee for South Sudan was not established between the formation of that state and the 2012 Olympic qualifying. One athlete from South Sudan, Guor Marial, qualified for the Games and was allowed to compete as an independent.

Athletes from Kuwait were originally allowed to compete as Independent Olympic Athletes as well, because their National Olympic Committee was suspended. However, the NOC was reinstated allowing the athletes to compete under their own flag. Kuwait competed under the Olympic flag at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics and 2010 Asian Games.[9]

2014 Winter Olympics

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The Indian Olympic Association was suspended from the IOC in December 2012, due to problems with its electoral process.[10] New elections were scheduled for 9 February 2014, two days after the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics.[11] Therefore, the three Indian athletes who qualified for the Games were scheduled to compete as Independent Olympic Participants.[10]

On 8 and 9 February, Shiva Keshavan participated in the luge competition and received 38th place. He would end up being the only athlete to officially compete as an Independent Olympic Participant.

On 11 February 2014, the IOC reinstated the Indian Olympic Association after Narayana Ramachandran, the president of the World Squash Federation, was voted in as the new president of the Indian Olympic Association, allowing the two remaining athletes to compete under the Indian flag rather than as independent athletes. This was the first time such a reinstatement of a NOC occurred as the Olympic Games were underway.[12][13]

2016 Summer Olympics

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Kuwaiti athletes competed independently, as the Kuwait Olympic Committee was suspended by the International Olympic Committee due to governmental interference.[14][15][16] This was the second suspension in five years; the first suspension resulted in Kuwaiti athletes being forced to compete under the Olympic flag as Athletes from Kuwait at the 2010 Asian Games. Fehaid Al-Deehani became the first Independent Olympic Athlete to win a gold medal. Like with some gold medals of the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics, the Olympic Hymn was played in the victory ceremony.

Refugees were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag (one of two delegations to compete under that flag, alongside Kuwaiti IOAs) at the 2016 Summer Olympics, under the label Refugee Olympic Team. Ten athletes from four countries competed for this team.[17]

Due to widespread state-controlled doping in Russia, the International Association of Athletics Federations suspended the All-Russia Athletic Federation in November 2015. As a result, no Russian athlete would be able to compete internationally, including the 2016 Olympics, until the suspension was lifted. The IAAF announced a path for athletes who train outside the Russian system and could prove themselves to be clean, as well as those who have helped in the fight against doping, to be eligible to compete as neutral athletes at the 2016 Olympics.[18] Two athletes, Darya Klishina and Yuliya Stepanova were initially cleared for competition, as Independent Athletes.[19]

Although Yulia Stepanova was cleared by IAAF because of her revelations regarding Russia's systemic doping program, and the IOC's recognition of her "contribution to the protection and promotion of clean athletes", she was banned by the IOC in line with the decision to ban all Russian athletes with previous doping convictions.[20] The IOC also rejected the suggestion that 'neutral' athletes could compete outside of national selection.[21] Klishina was subsequently confirmed as competing under Russian colours, the country's only competitor in athletics at the 2016 Olympics.[22]

Medal Name Nationality[a] Games Sport Events
  Gold Fehaid Al-Deehani Kuwait 2016 Rio de Janeiro Shooting Men's double trap
  Bronze Abdullah Al-Rashidi Kuwait 2016 Rio de Janeiro Shooting Men's skeet

2018 Winter Olympics

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On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics over its state-sponsored doping program. Russian athletes were allowed to participate under the Olympic flag as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) if they were cleared by a panel, which was chaired by Valerie Fourneyron and had representatives from the IOC, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and the Doping Free Sport Unit of the Global Association of International Sports Federations.[23][24][25]

Medal Name Nationality[a] Games Sport Events
  Gold Alina Zagitova Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Figure skating Ladies' singles
  Gold Russia men's national ice hockey team
Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Ice hockey Men's tournament
  Silver Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Figure skating Team event
  Silver Nikita Tregubov Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Skeleton Men's
  Silver Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Cross-country skiing Men's 4 × 10 km relay
  Silver Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Cross-country skiing Men's team sprint
  Silver Evgenia Medvedeva Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Figure skating Ladies' singles
  Silver Aleksandr Bolshunov Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Cross-country skiing Men's 50 km classical
  Bronze Semion Elistratov Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Short track speed skating Men's 1500 metres
  Bronze Yulia Belorukova Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Cross-country skiing Women's sprint
  Bronze Aleksandr Bolshunov Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Cross-country skiing Men's sprint
  Bronze Denis Spitsov Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Cross-country skiing Men's 15 km freestyle
  Bronze Natalya Voronina Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Speed skating Women's 5000 m
  Bronze Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Cross-country skiing Women's 4 × 5 km relay
  Bronze Ilya Burov Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Freestyle skiing Men's aerials
  Bronze Sergey Ridzik Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Freestyle skiing Men's ski cross
  Bronze Andrey Larkov Russia 2018 Pyeongchang Cross-country skiing Men's 50 km classical

2020 Summer Olympics

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The IOC Refugee Olympic Team competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, as independent Olympic participants.[26] Twenty-nine athletes from 12 sports and 18 countries competed for this team. The IOC code was changed to the French acronym "EOR" which stands for Équipe olympique des réfugiés.[26]

Following a decision by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym "ROC", after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee. In the aftermatch, the IOC announced that the Russian national flag would be substituted by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee. It would also be allowed to use team uniforms featuring the Russian national colours, the logo of the Russian Olympic Committee and bearing the acronym "ROC".[27][28]

Medal Name Sport Event Date
  Gold Vitalina Batsarashkina Shooting Women's 10 m air pistol 25 July
  Gold Sofia Pozdniakova Fencing Women's sabre 26 July
  Gold Denis Ablyazin
David Belyavskiy
Artur Dalaloyan
Nikita Nagornyy
Gymnastics Men's artistic team all-around 26 July
  Gold Maksim Khramtsov Taekwondo Men's 80 kg 26 July
  Gold Evgeny Rylov Swimming Men's 100 m backstroke 27 July
  Gold Lilia Akhaimova
Viktoria Listunova
Angelina Melnikova
Vladislava Urazova
Gymnastics Women's artistic team all-around 27 July
  Gold Vladislav Larin Taekwondo Men's +80 kg 27 July
  Gold Inna Deriglazova
Larisa Korobeynikova
Marta Martyanova
Adelina Zagidullina
Fencing Women's team foil 29 July
  Gold Evgeny Rylov Swimming Men's 200 m backstroke 30 July
  Gold Vitalina Batsarashkina Shooting Women's 25 m pistol 30 July
  Gold Olga Nikitina
Sofia Pozdniakova
Sofya Velikaya
Fencing Women's team sabre 31 July
  Gold Andrey Rublev
Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
Tennis Mixed doubles 1 August
  Gold Musa Evloev Wrestling Men's Greco-Roman 97 kg 3 August
  Gold Svetlana Kolesnichenko
Svetlana Romashina
Artistic swimming Women's duet 4 August
  Gold Albert Batyrgaziev Boxing Men's featherweight 5 August
  Gold Zaur Uguev Wrestling Men's freestyle 57 kg 5 August
  Gold Zaurbek Sidakov Wrestling Men's freestyle 74 kg 6 August
  Gold Vlada Chigireva
Marina Goliadkina
Svetlana Kolesnichenko
Polina Komar
Alexandra Patskevich
Svetlana Romashina
Alla Shishkina
Maria Shurochkina
Artistic swimming Women's team 7 August
  Gold Abdulrashid Sadulaev Wrestling Men's freestyle 97 kg 7 August
  Gold Mariya Lasitskene Athletics Women's high jump 7 August
  Silver Anastasiia Galashina Shooting Women's 10 m air rifle 24 July
  Silver Svetlana Gomboeva
Elena Osipova
Ksenia Perova
Archery Women's team 25 July
  Silver Inna Deriglazova Fencing Women's foil 25 July
  Silver Tatiana Minina Taekwondo Women's 57 kg 25 July
  Silver Sofya Velikaya Fencing Women's sabre 26 July
  Silver Kliment Kolesnikov Swimming Men's 100 m backstroke 27 July
  Silver Vitalina Batsarashkina
Artem Chernousov
Shooting Mixed 10 m air pistol team 27 July
  Silver Mikhail Dovgalyuk
Ivan Girev
Aleksandr Krasnykh[a]
Martin Malyutin
Evgeny Rylov
Mikhail Vekovishchev[a]
Swimming Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay 28 July
  Silver Evgeniia Frolkina
Olga Frolkina
Yulia Kozik
Anastasia Logunova
Basketball Women's 3x3 tournament 28 July
  Silver Ilia Karpenkov
Kirill Pisklov
Stanislav Sharov
Alexander Zuev
Basketball Men's 3x3 tournament 28 July
  Silver Vasilisa Stepanova
Elena Oriabinskaia
Rowing Women's coxless pair 29 July
  Silver Hanna Prakatsen Rowing Women's single sculls 30 July
  Silver Elena Osipova Archery Women's individual 30 July
  Silver Sergey Bida
Nikita Glazkov
Sergey Khodos
Pavel Sukhov
Fencing Men's team épée 30 July
  Silver Yulia Zykova Shooting Women's 50 m rifle three positions 31 July
  Silver Karen Khachanov Tennis Men's singles 1 August
  Silver Anastasia Iliankova Gymnastics Women's uneven bars 1 August
  Silver Anton Borodachev
Kirill Borodachev
Vladislav Mylnikov
Timur Safin
Fencing Men's team foil 1 August
  Silver Aslan Karatsev
Elena Vesnina
Tennis Mixed doubles 1 August
  Silver Sergey Kamenskiy Shooting Men's 50 m rifle three positions 2 August
  Silver Denis Ablyazin Gymnastics Men's vault 2 August
  Silver Anzhelika Sidorova Athletics Women's pole vault 5 August
  Silver Muslim Gadzhimagomedov Boxing Men's heavyweight 6 August
  Silver Viacheslav Krasilnikov
Oleg Stoyanovskiy
Volleyball Men's beach 7 August
  Silver Dina Averina Gymnastics Women's rhythmic individual all-around 7 August
  Silver Russia men's national volleyball team
Volleyball Men's tournament 7 August
  Silver Anastasia Bliznyuk
Anastasia Maksimova
Angelina Shkatova
Anastasia Tatareva
Alisa Tishchenko
Gymnastics Women's rhythmic group all-around 8 August
  Silver Russia women's national handball team
Handball Women's tournament 8 August
  Bronze Mikhail Artamonov Taekwondo Men's 58 kg 24 July
  Bronze Larisa Korobeynikova Fencing Women's foil 25 July
  Bronze Aleksandr Bondar
Viktor Minibaev
Diving Men's synchronized 10 m platform 26 July
  Bronze Yulia Karimova
Sergey Kamenskiy
Shooting Mixed 10 m air rifle team 27 July
  Bronze Madina Taimazova Judo Women's 70 kg 28 July
  Bronze Nikita Nagornyy Gymnastics Men's artistic individual all-around 28 July
  Bronze Kliment Kolesnikov Swimming Men's 100 m freestyle 29 July
  Bronze Niyaz Ilyasov Judo Men's 100 kg 29 July
  Bronze Angelina Melnikova Gymnastics Women's artistic individual all-around 29 July
  Bronze Tamerlan Bashaev Judo Men's +100 kg 30 July
  Bronze Yulia Karimova Shooting Women's 50 m rifle three positions 31 July
  Bronze Imam Khataev Boxing Men's light heavyweight 1 August
  Bronze Andrey Zamkovoy Boxing Men's welterweight 1 August
  Bronze Daria Shmeleva
Anastasia Voynova
Cycling Women's team sprint 2 August
  Bronze Angelina Melnikova Gymnastics Women's floor 2 August
  Bronze Sergey Emelin Wrestling Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg 2 August
  Bronze Sergey Semenov Wrestling Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg 2 August
  Bronze Nikita Nagornyy Gymnastics Men's horizontal bar 3 August
  Bronze Gleb Bakshi Boxing Men's middleweight 5 August
  Bronze Artur Naifonov Wrestling Men's freestyle 86 kg 5 August
  Bronze Zemfira Magomedalieva Boxing Women's middleweight 6 August
  Bronze Gulnaz Khatuntseva
Maria Novolodskaya
Cycling Women's madison 6 August
  Bronze Gadzhimurad Rashidov Wrestling Men's freestyle 65 kg 7 August

2022 Winter Olympics

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Similarly to the 2020 Summer Olympics, Russia competed in the 2022 Beijing Games under the "ROC" acronym due to WADA's sanctions.[27]

Medal Name Sport Event Date
  Gold Alexander Bolshunov Cross-country skiing Men's 30 km skiathlon 6 February
  Gold Natalya Nepryayeva
Tatiana Sorina
Veronika Stepanova
Yuliya Stupak
Cross-country skiing Women's 4 × 5 km relay 12 February
  Gold Alexander Bolshunov
Aleksey Chervotkin
Denis Spitsov
Sergey Ustiugov
Cross-country skiing Men's 4 × 10 km relay 13 February
  Gold Anna Shcherbakova Figure skating Women's singles 17 February
  Gold Alexander Bolshunov Cross-country skiing Men's 50 kilometre freestyle 19 February
  Silver Natalya Nepryayeva Cross-country skiing Women's 15 km skiathlon 5 February
  Silver Denis Spitsov Cross-country skiing Men's 30 km skiathlon 6 February
  Silver Irina Avvakumova
Evgenii Klimov
Irma Makhinia
Danil Sadreev
Ski jumping Mixed team 7 February
  Silver Alexander Bolshunov Cross-country skiing Men's 15 km classical 11 February
  Silver Konstantin Ivliev Short track speed skating Men's 500 metres 13 February
  Silver Nikita Katsalapov
Victoria Sinitsina
Figure skating Ice dance 14 February
  Silver Daniil Aldoshkin
Sergey Trofimov
Ruslan Zakharov
Speed skating Men's team pursuit 15 February
  Silver Irina Kazakevich
Svetlana Mironova
Uliana Nigmatullina
Kristina Reztsova
Biathlon Women's relay 16 February
  Silver Alexandra Trusova Figure skating Women's singles 17 February
  Silver Ivan Yakimushkin Cross-country skiing Men's 50 kilometre freestyle 19 February
  Silver Vladimir Morozov
Evgenia Tarasova
Figure skating Pair skating 19 February
  Silver Russia men's national ice hockey team
Ice hockey Men's tournament 20 February
  Bronze Uliana Nigmatullina
Kristina Reztsova
Alexander Loginov
Eduard Latypov
Biathlon Mixed relay 5 February
  Bronze Anastasia Smirnova Freestyle skiing Women's moguls 6 February
  Bronze[29] Aleksandr Galliamov
Nikita Katsalapov
Mark Kondratiuk
Anastasia Mishina
Victoria Sinitsina
Kamila Valieva (DSQ)
Figure skating Team event 7 February
  Bronze Vic Wild Snowboarding Men's parallel giant slalom 8 February
  Bronze Alexander Terentyev Cross-country skiing Men's sprint 8 February
  Bronze Tatiana Ivanova Luge Women's singles 8 February
  Bronze Semion Elistratov Short track speed skating Men's 1500 metres 9 February
  Bronze Eduard Latypov Biathlon Men's pursuit 13 February
  Bronze Angelina Golikova Speed skating Women's 500 metres 13 February
  Bronze Said Karimulla Khalili
Eduard Latypov
Alexander Loginov
Maxim Tsvetkov
Biathlon Men's relay 15 February
  Bronze Natalya Nepryayeva
Yuliya Stupak
Cross-country skiing Women's team sprint 16 February
  Bronze Alexander Bolshunov
Alexander Terentyev
Cross-country skiing Men's team sprint 16 February
  Bronze Ilya Burov Freestyle skiing Men's aerials 16 February
  Bronze Sergey Ridzik Freestyle skiing Men's ski cross 18 February
  Bronze Aleksandr Galliamov
Anastasia Mishina
Figure skating Pair skating 19 February

2024 Summer Olympics

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Medal Name Country Sport Event Date
  Gold Ivan Litvinovich Belarus Gymnastics Men's trampoline 2 August
  Silver Viyaleta Bardzilouskaya Belarus Gymnastics Women's trampoline 2 August
  Silver Yauheni Zalaty Belarus Rowing Men's single sculls 3 August
  Silver Mirra Andreeva
Diana Shnaider
Russia Tennis Women's doubles 4 August
  Bronze Yauheni Tsikhantsou Belarus Weightlifting Men's – 102 kg 10 August

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c The athlete's nationality is listed at the time of the competition.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Scharenberg, Swantje (2004). "1940 Olympic Winter Games (Never Held)". In John E. Findling, Kimberly D. Pelle (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 310. ISBN 9780313322785. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  2. ^ Espy 1981, pp.168–9
  3. ^ "Guyana: Olympic tradition". NBC Olympics. NBC. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  4. ^ Anderson, Dave (26 July 1976). "James Wilkes [sic] deserved to compete in Olympics". Lethbridge Herald. p. 12.
  5. ^ "James Gilkes: A lost opportunity". Stabroek News. 15 August 2008. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  6. ^ Espy 1981, p.196
  7. ^ "Around the National Olympic Committees: Declaration by 18 European NOCs" (PDF). Olympic Review (151). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: 273. May 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  8. ^ Barker, Philip (July 2010). "The Hidden Legacies of Moscow '80: Changes in Ceremonial and Attitudes" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 18 (2). ISOH: 32–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  9. ^ "Olympics-Kuwait to hoist the flag at Games after row resolved". Reuters. 14 July 2012. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  10. ^ a b "Indian athletes to compete under Olympic flag at Sochi Games". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  11. ^ "Shiva Keshavan qualifies for Sochi Winter Olympics". The Times of India. 19 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  12. ^ "International Olympic Committee reinstates India at Sochi after ban". CNN. 11 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  13. ^ "IOC Executive Board lifts suspension of NOC of India". 21 July 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  14. ^ "IOC suspends Kuwait's national Olympic committee". USA Today. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  15. ^ "Suspension of the Kuwait Olympic Committee". Olympics. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  16. ^ "Independent Olympic Athletes". Rio2016.com. Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  17. ^ "Team of Refugee Olympic Athletes (ROA) created by the IOC". IOC. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  18. ^ "Russians, Kenyans to face evaluation for Rio Games spots, IOC chief Thomas Bach says". ABC News. 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  19. ^ Yeung, Peter (10 July 2016). "Rio 2016: Every Russian athlete except Darya Klishina and Yuliya Stepanova rejected from competing at Olympics". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  20. ^ "Decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016". IOC. 24 July 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  21. ^ "Background Information to the decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016". 24 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  22. ^ Gleeson, Matthew (31 July 2016). "Russian Darya Klishina training where Australians train ahead of 2016 Rio Olympics". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  23. ^ "IOC bans Russia from Pyeongchang Olympics, but will allow clean athletes to compete as neutrals". National Post. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  24. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca; Panja, Tariq (5 December 2017). "Russia Banned from Winter Olympics by I.O.C." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  25. ^ Hobson, Will (5 December 2017). "Russia banned from 2018 Olympics for widespread doping program". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  26. ^ a b "29 refugee athletes to send a message of solidarity and hope to the world at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020". Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  27. ^ a b "Olympics: Russia to compete under ROC acronym in Tokyo as part of doping sanctions". Reuters. Reuters. 19 February 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  28. ^ "Russia's flag banned but national colors on Olympic uniforms". AP News.
  29. ^ "BEIJING 2022 FIGURE SKATING TEAM EVENT RESULTS". International Olympic Committee. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

Sources

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