The Socialist Patients' Collective (German: Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv, and known as the SPK) is a patients' collective founded in Heidelberg, West Germany, in February 1970 by Wolfgang Huber. The kernel of the SPK's ideological program is summated in the slogan, "Turn illness into a weapon", which is representative of an ethos that is continually and actively practiced under the new title, Patients' Front/Socialist Patients' Collective, PF/SPK(H). The first collective, SPK, declared its self-dissolution in July 1971 as a strategic withdrawal but in 1973 Huber proclaimed the continuity of SPK as Patients' Front.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
| Socialist Patients' Collective | |
|---|---|
| Founder | Wolfgang Huber (born 1935) |
| Dates of operation | 1968 – June 1971, 1973–present |
| Motives | 'Liberation from Iatrocapitalism' |
| Active regions | Heidelberg University, West Germany |
| Ideology |
|
| Status | Self-dissolved in 1971; continued as Patientenfront from 1973, currently SPK/PF(H) |
The SPK assumes that illness exists as an undeniable fact and believe that it is caused by the capitalist system. The SPK promotes illness as the protest against capitalism and considers illness as the foundation on which to create the human species.[4][7] The SPK is opposed to doctors, considering them to be the ruling class of capitalism and responsible for poisoning the human species. The most widely recognized text of the PF/SPK(H) is the communique, SPK – Turn illness into a weapon, which has prefaces by both the founder of the SPK, Wolfgang Huber, and Jean-Paul Sartre.[3][4][8][1][9][6][10][11][12]
Rejecting the roles and ideology associated with the notion of the revolutionary as scientific explainer, they stated in Turn Illness into a Weapon that whoever claims they want to "observe the bare facts dispassionately" is either an "idiot" or a "dangerous criminal."[13]
History
editThe group was founded by Wolfgang Huber and became publicly known in 1970 at the psychiatric hospital of the University of Heidelberg.
The SPK established a "free space" for "political therapy", re-framing illness as a contradiction created by capitalism which could be embraced to bring an end to the system which gave it life. They believed that the sick formed a revolutionary class of dispossessed people who could be radicalized to struggle against oppression. Organizing by sickness instead of socio-economic class allowed middle-class student leftists to articulate their own feelings of psychic and political oppression and to struggle against the status quo in their own right in solidarity with other oppressed groups. Additionally, according to the SPK sickness had the advantage of being familiar to everyone, hence everyone was a potential revolutionary so long as they disavowed the medical establishment. Like other anti-psychiatry experiments, such as Kingsley Hall and Villa 21, SPK questioned the patient/doctor paradigm and ultimately called for an overthrow of the "doctor's class".[8]
The SPK collective produced information leaflets, held teach-ins and Heidelberg University studied to recognize SPK as a part of the University.[14] SPK conducted "agitations", called "single" (individual actions) and "group agitations" (collective actions), working from 9 am to 10 pm or later.
However, the SPK experiment was criticized by many within Heidelberg's university and psychiatric clinic and the SPK's funding, salaries and meeting space were threatened. Despite opposition to the SPK, in the autumn of 1970 the university convened an advisory panel of 3 experts who recommended that the SPK should be institutionalized in Heidelberg university. To counter this suggestion, Heidelberg university's faculty of medicine supported the establishment of a counter-panel consisting of 3 critics of the SPK who were mandated to campaign against the group. The Minister overseeing both panels ultimately sided with the 3 SPK critics and decided against implementing any of the recommendations from the pro-SPK panel. SPK's funding was subsequently cut and the group was evicted from the university campus.[14]
The decision provoked a confrontation between the SPK and the university, which led to a sit-in and attracted the attention of a wider audience, including the police. Ultimately, the collective moved out of the university and into the homes of its members. On 24 June 1971, a mysterious shooting at Heidelberg police station was attributed to the Baader-Meinhof group, and based on that unrelated pretext, the police began conducting raids on SPK members' houses.[12] Three hundred fifty officers were charged with finding the shooter. At its peak, the SPK counted about 500 members; of these, seven were arrested in the raids, including Huber on 21 July 1971. Firstly SPK was falsely linked to the Baader-Meinhof group[6] but none of the SPK patients arrested was ever condemned due to any relation with the Baader-Meinhof group[9] and neither was ever proved any relation within SPK and RAF.[15] Accounts notice the brutality,[16] legal irregularities and other sort of abuses which surrounded the case,[12] and they also notice this was part of a disinformation campaign against SPK due to their revolutionary positions,[11][16] and thus SPK was criminalized as part of a political persecution.[15]
The rhetoric denouncing the SPK as engaged in "terrorist activity" and a precursor to the RAF re-emerged after the arrest of Kristina Berster, who crossed the US border illegally seeking asylum from West German counterterrorism operations. Berster was acquitted of all conspiracy charges, and the disinformation campaign was exposed by Greg Guma.[17]
A West German embassy spokesman stated, "By all accounts the SPC was fairly harmless."[18] Kristina Berster explained that "the purpose of the Socialist Patients Collective was to find out the reasons why people feel lonely, isolated and depressed and the circumstances which caused these problems."[17]
GSG 9 raided a facility belonging to SPK, discovering the first documented case of a terrorist organization training radio-jamming techniques. [19]
Dissolution and the IZRU
editEven before Huber was arrested in June 1971,[20] the SPK dissolved. The IZRU or Information Zentrum Rote Volks-Universität (in English; Information Center of the Red People's University) was founded by former SPK members; however, the IZRU was neither the official or unofficial SPK. It organized international congresses, founded a newspaper: RVU (or Rote Volksuniversität, People's Red University), supported prisoners and reprinted some SPK literature.
The SPK today
editSince 1973, the SPK has continued as Patients' Front/Socialist Patients' Collective, or PF/SPK(H). The refounding of the collective as Patient's Front was announced by Huber whilst he was in solitary confinement in Stammheim Prison, later called PF/SPK(H).[1][2][5] As the founder of the SPK and PF/SPK(H), Huber entrusted all juridical matters concerning the groups to Ingeborg Muhler, an active member of the SPK since 1970, who is an attorney and holds a MA in Computer Science.
Interest and influence
editDiscussion of the SPK in both German-language and English-language written sources increased during the 1970s, fell during the 1980s, and rose again during the 1990s.[21][22]
Projects that have cited the group include
- SPK, an industrial music and noise music group in Australia, founded in 1978 and dissolved in 1988, which was named after the collective;
- Surrealist Action Turkey (Surrealist Eylem Turkiye), a group of writers, artists and intellectuals from İzmir, Istanbul and Ankara, founded in 2007 and dissolved in 2013;
- Cryzine, an internet magazine opposed to technofascism and founded in 2017 which refers to the SPK as an important influence as well as Karl Marx, the Surrealist André Breton, and the Situationist Guy Debord.[23]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c SPK; Huber, Wolfgang (1993). SPK Turn illness into a Weapon. KRRIM - PF-Verlag für Krankheit. pp. XVIII–XXIV. ISBN 3-926491-17-5.
- ^ a b SPK; Huber, Wolfgang (1995). SPK - Aus der Krankheit eine Waffe machen (in German) (6th ed.). KRRIM - PF-Verlag für Krankheit. ISBN 978-3-926491-25-1.
- ^ a b "SPK/PF(H), Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv (SPK), Patientenfront (PF), List of Dates". SPK/PF(H). Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "PF/SPK(H), : SPK. Gossipcide in the case of print media, TV & Co. Text for entries on the SPK in the Encyclopedias of Brockhaus, Duden, etc". SPK/PF(H). Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ a b Quensel, Stephan (1995). Irre, Anstalt, Therapie: Der Psychiatrie-Komplex (in German). Springer Verlag. p. 285. ISBN 978-3-658-16210-8.
- ^ a b c Parker, Ian (1995). Deconstructing Psychopathology. Sage Publications Ltd. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8039-7481-4.
- ^ "The secret of illness is human species. How to apply the concept of illness". SPK/PF(H). Retrieved 18 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Proposal for a text for international use concerning SPK. Overview". SPK/PF(H). Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ a b Blake, Trevor (1995). SPK – Krankheit Im Recht. KRRIM - PF - Verlag für Krankheit. p. 159. ISBN 3-926491-26-4.
- ^ Spandler, Helen (1992). "To Make an army out of Illness: a history of the Socialist Patients Collective Heidelberg 1970/72" (PDF). Asylum. 6 (4): 3–16.
- ^ a b Guattari, Felix (1984). Molecular revolution: psychiatry and politics (PDF). New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Penguin. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-14-055160-3.
- ^ a b c Genosko, Gary (2001). "Introduction". Deleuze and Guattari: critical assessments of leading philosophers. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. pp. 480–481, 798 of 1503. ISBN 0-415-18678-1.
- ^ Cryzine. "About Cry". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ a b English Google translation: "Turn Illness into a Weapon,". Original German text: "Aus der Krankheit eine Waffe machen!," Archived 18 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Ruprecht (Heidelberger Studierenzeitung), Number 35 (16 May 1995).[dead link]
- ^ a b Boehlich, Walter (January 1972). "Wildwuchs, nicht länger geduldet. Walter Boehlich über: Dokumentation zum Sozialistischen Patientenkollektiv" [Proliferation, no longer tolerated. Walter Boehlich on: documentation on Socialist Patients' Collective]. Der Spiegel (in German) (6). Germany: Spiegel Verlag: 122–124.
- ^ a b Kotowicz, Zbigniew (1997). R.D. Laing and the Paths of Anti-Psychiatry. Routledge. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-415-11610-4.
- ^ a b Guma, Greg (2005). Taylor, Philip M. (ed.). "Anything but the Truth: The Art of Managing Perceptions". Propaganda and the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). 4. The Institute of Communications Studies, University of Leeds.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|editor=and|publisher= - ^ Connie Paige "Vermont Town in Uproar over Baader-Meinhof Terrorist Who Wasn’t," The Boston Phoenix (30 September 1978).
- ^ Myers, Lawrence W. (1989). Improvised Radio Jamming Techniques: electronic guerrilla warfare. Boulder, Colo: Paladin Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-87364-520-1.
- ^ In 1971 Wolfgang and Ursul Huber were sentenced to 4.5 years imprisonment, and released in 1976. During their detention, in the infamous Stammheim Prison, they participated in a solidarity hunger strike.
- ^ Google Books Ngram Viewer "Socialist Patients' Collective"
- ^ Google Books Ngram Viewer "Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv"
- ^ Cryzine "About Cryzine"
Further reading
edit- Book: Wolfgang Huber, Socialist Patients' Collective/Patient's Front SPK/PF(H). SPK: Turn Illness into a Weapon. KRRIM - PF-Verlag für Krankheit, Heidelberg, 2002. ISBN 978-3-926491-17-6
- Book: Wolfgang Huber, Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv/Patientenfront, SPK/PF(H): SPK - Aus der Krankheit eine Waffe machen (6. erweiterte Aufl). Eine Agitationsschrift des Sozialistischen Patientenkollektiv an der Universität Heidelberg. Mit einem Vorwort von Jean-Paul Sartre und einer Zeittafel von den Anfängen ('65 ff) bis heute; Ausschnitt aus einer Rundfunksendung: Aus Krankheit stark Patientenfront. KRRIM - PF-Verlag für Krankheit, 1995. ISBN 978-3-926491-25-1.
- Christian Pross, Sonja Schweitzer und Julia Wagner. Wir wollten ins Verderben rennen – die Geschichte des sozialistischen Patientenkollektivs Heidelberg 1970-1971. Unter Mitarbeit von Sonja Schweitzer und Julia Wagner, gefördert durch die Hamburger Stiftung zur Förderung von Wissenschaft und Kultur, Psychiatrie Verlag, Köln 2016, ISBN 978-3-88414-672-9. (A synopsis in English)
- Book: Jillian Becker, Hitler's Children: The Story of the Baader-Meinhof Terrorist Gang, HarperCollins Distribution Services; New edition (28 June 1978) ISBN 978-0-586-04665-4.
- Book: Tom Vague, Televisionaries: the red army faction story (1963–1993), AK Press; Rev. and Updated Ed edition (9 June 1994). ISBN 978-1-873176-47-4