Nalca (Naltya, Naltje) is a Papuan language spoken in Yahukimo Regency, Highland Papua, Indonesia. Alternative names are Hmanggona, Hmonono, Kimnyal (Kimyal). The latter is most often used for Korupun-Sela. Indonesian Kemendikbud classified Nalca as Mek Nalca, while Kimyal is used for Korupun-Sela.[2]
| Nalca | |
|---|---|
| Mek Nalca, Hmanggona | |
| Native to | Highland Papua Indonesia |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2013)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nlc |
| Glottolog | nalc1240 |
History
editThe Nalca language was an unwritten language until missionaries from the USA entered the area in the early 1960s. A literacy program was developed, and many people in the Nalca language group learned to read. Roger Doriot from the USA learned the language and completed the translation of the New Testament of the Bible in 2000.
Classification
editNalca belongs to the Western branch of the Mek languages, which is a family of closely related languages belonging to the larger grouping of Trans-New Guinea languages.[3]
Geographic distribution
editThe Nalca language is spoken by about 18,000 people in Yahukimo Regency, Highland Papua.[4]
Phonology
editConsonants
editNalca has 15 phonemic consonants:[5]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Laryngeal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pʰ | b | tʰ | d | kʰ | ɡ | ʔ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Tap or flap | ɾ | |||||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||||
- /tʰ/ only occurs in loanwords and names.
Vowels
editNalca has five phonemic vowels:[5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Grammar
editMorphology
editNalca is a generally isolating language, but exhibits an elaborate system of agglutination in verb formation.
Syntax
editThe usual word order of Nalca is subject-object-verb (SOV).
References
edit- ^ Nalca at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Bahasa Kimyal". petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ Suter, Edgar (2021-09-01). "The subject inflections of the Mek languages: a comparative reconstruction" (PDF). NUSA. 71. doi:10.15026/116867. ISSN 0126-2874. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
- ^ Project, Joshua. "Nalca language resources". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ a b Rule, Rule & Cutting 1972.
- Rule, W. M.; Rule, J. E.; Cutting, R. (1972). Hmanggona Language of the Naltja Area. Irian Barat (A member of the Goliath Family of languages, previously called Kimjal by Mr S. Sadlier). Naltja; Statement of the Alphabet & Grammar.