Ghadamès (Berber: ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / Ɛadēməs [ʕadeːməs], Standard Arabic غدامس /ɣadaːmis/, Libyan Arabic /ɣdaːməs/) also called Ghadamsi or Ghadamsian is a Berber language that is spoken in, and named after, the oasis town of Ghadames in Nalut District, western Libya.
| Ghadamès | |
|---|---|
| Ghadāmis | |
| Native to | Libya |
| Region | Ghadames |
Native speakers | 17,000 (2020)[1] |
| Dialects | Ayt Waziten, Ayt Ulid |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gha |
| Glottolog | ghad1239 |
| ELP | Ghadamès |
Research
editGhadamès language materials have been gathered by two linguists. The first materials were published in 1903 and 1904 by Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski (1854–1907). A more copious and reliable source is provided by the works of White Father Jacques Lanfry (1910-2000), who stayed in Ghadames from 1944 to 1945 and who published his main works in 1968 and 1973. No new research has been undertaken on location since then. Recently, Kossmann (2013) has published a modern grammar of Ghadamès based on Lanfry’s materials.
Number of speakers
editLanfry mentions the number of c. 4,000 speakers as an optimistic estimate.[2] The actual number of speakers is not known with certainty. Ethnologue cites a number of 13,100 speakers in 2016, including 2,000 living outside the area. However, this number reflects the total number of inhabitants of Ghadames, who are not all native speakers of Ghadamès, while the number of 2,000 emigrant speakers is based on a very old source.[3] Ethnologue classifies the language as 6b (Threatened).
The language
editGhadamès is a Berber language on its own, preserving several unique phonological and morphological features, and the Ghadamès lexicon, as recorded by Lanfry, shows relatively little influence from Arabic. There is as yet no consensus on the classification of Ghadamès within the Berber language group. Aikhenvald and Militarev (1984) group it as Eastern Berber, and Kossmann (1999) specifically groups it together with Awjila. Ethnologue classifies it as East Zenati.
Phonology
editConsonants
editLike other Berber languages and Arabic, Ghadamès has both pharyngealized ("emphatic") and plain dental consonants. Gemination is contrastive. Consonants listed between brackets occur only very sporadically.
| Labial | Inter- dental |
Dental | Dental phar. |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | (p) | t̪ | t̪ˤ | (tʃ) | k | q | |||
| voiced | b | d̪ | dˤ | ɟ | ɡ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | (θ) | s̪ | s̪ˤ | ʃ | x | ħ | h | |
| voiced | β | (ð) | z̪ | z̪ˤ | ʒ | ɣ | ʕ | |||
| Approximant | w | l̪ | l̪ˤ | j | ||||||
| Trill | r̪ | r̪ˤ | ||||||||
Vowels
editMost Berber languages have just three phonemic vowels. Ghadamès, like Tamasheq, has seven vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Near-open | ɐ | ||
| Open | a |
Basic vocabulary
editBelow is the Leipzig-Jakarta list for Ghadames, extracted from Lanfry (1973). Lanfry's unconventional transcription has been adapted to modern usage. Symbols ă, ḥ, j, š, ž, y are equivalent to IPA ɐ, ħ, ɟ, ʃ, ʒ, j. Lanfry's length notation on vowels probably represents lexical stress (Kossmann 2013: 5, 15).
| 1 | fire | ōfa |
| 2 | nose | tənzart |
| 3 | to go | as with verbal deictic n "thither" (cf. 11 to come) |
| 4 | water | aman (plurale tantum) |
| 5 | mouth | ame |
| 6 | tongue | ēləs |
| 7 | blood | dămmăn (plurale tantum) |
| 8 | bone | ɣăṣṣ |
| 9 | 2SG pronoun | šăgg(ən) (M), šămm(ən) (F) |
| 10 | root | aẓur "root of plant" |
| 11 | to come | as with verbal deictic d "hither" (cf. 3 to go) |
| 12 | breast | bab, admār |
| 13 | rain | anaẓar |
| 14 | 1SG pronoun | năšš(ən) |
| 15 | name | ism |
| 16 | louse | talləkt |
| 17 | wing | afraw |
| 18 | flesh/meat | aksəm |
| 19 | hand/arm | ōfəss "hand", āɣil "arm" |
| 20 | fly | izi |
| 21 | night | [ēβăḍ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 2) (help) |
| 22 | ear | ēsəm |
| 23 | neck | takorəmt (cf. 47 back) |
| 24 | far | (not attested) |
| 25 | to do/make | əqḍu "to do, achieve" < Arabic, ăj "to put, to make" |
| 26 | house | daž, taddart |
| 27 | stone/rock | ērəj |
| 28 | bitter | iẓēk "to be bitter" |
| 29 | to say | ăn |
| 30 | tooth | asēn "incisor", taɣməst "molar", tawjlet "canine" |
| 31 | hair | azaw |
| 32 | big | (not attested) |
| 33 | one | yōn (M), yōt (F) |
| 34 | who? | anno |
| 35 | 3SG pronoun | (n)itto (M), (n)ittāt (F) |
| 36 | to beat/hit | ŏwət |
| 37 | leg/foot | aḍar |
| 38 | horn | aškaw |
| 39 | this | -o |
| 40 | fish | (not attested) |
| 41 | yesterday | [ənḍəβăd] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 5) (help) |
| 42 | to drink | ăsw |
| 43 | black | săṭṭăf "to be black" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested) |
| 44 | navel | tamet |
| 45 | to stand | [ăβdəd] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 2) (help) "to be standing", ăkkər "to stand up" |
| 46 | to bite | ămbər |
| 47 | back | akorm, təkurmēn (cf. 23 neck) |
| 48 | wind | aḍo "wind, odour" |
| 49 | smoke | [ōβo] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 2) (help) |
| 50 | what? | ke, me |
| 51 | child (kin term) | ara, tarwa |
| 52 | egg | tasadəlt |
| 53 | to give | ăkf |
| 54 | new | (not attested) |
| 55 | to burn (intr.) | ărɣ |
| 56 | not | wăl, ak |
| 57 | good | samēḥ < Arabic |
| 58 | to know | ăssən |
| 59 | knee | ōfəd |
| 60 | sand | tamallilt |
| 61 | to laugh | ăḍs |
| 62 | to hear | ăsl |
| 63 | soil | tammurt "earth, soil" |
| 64 | leaf | təfra "leaf of tree" |
| 65 | red | azŭggaɣ "red one" (prob. /azəggʷaɣ/) |
| 66 | liver | tōsa |
| 67 | to hide | əkənn |
| 68 | skin/hide | ēlăm "animal skin" |
| 69 | to suck | ăzməm |
| 70 | to carry | ăbb "to carry, bring", ăškəl "to carry, lift" |
| 71 | ant | takəṭfet |
| 72 | heavy | ăẓẓāk "to be heavy" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested) |
| 73 | to take | [āβăʕ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 2) (help) "to take", ōməẓ "to seize, hold" |
| 74 | old | imqōr, iwsər "to be old, elderly (human)" |
| 75 | to eat | ăšš |
| 76 | thigh | taɣma |
| 77 | thick | izwər "to be thick" |
| 78 | long | əzzəjrət "to be long" |
| 79 | to blow | [sβəḍ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 2) (help) |
| 80 | wood | asɣēr "(piece of) wood" |
| 81 | to run | ăzzəl |
| 82 | to fall | ōḍu |
| 83 | eye | awăll |
| 84 | ash | ēšəd |
| 85 | tail | tabaḥṣuṣṣ < Arabic? |
| 86 | dog | ēde |
| 87 | to cry/weep | ăẓẓəf |
| 88 | to tie | ăqqēn |
| 89 | to see | ălləm |
| 90 | sweet | (not attested) |
| 91 | rope | tazara |
| 92 | shade/shadow | tēle |
| 93 | bird | ajaḍiḍ |
| 94 | salt | tēsənt |
| 95 | small | imtēt "to be small" |
| 96 | wide | (not attested) |
| 97 | star | iri |
| 98 | in | dəj, -i |
| 99 | hard | (not attested) |
| 100 | to grind/crush | ăẓəd "to grind", [ăddəβ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 5) (help) "to crush (in a mortar)" |
References
edit- ^ Ghadamès at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ Lanfry (1973:iv).
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv).
Cited works
edit- Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1903). "Note sur la mission dans le Souf pour y étudier le dialecte berbère de R'adamès". Journal Asiatique. 1903, II: 157–162.
- Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1904). Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès. Paris: Leroux.
- Kossmann, M. (2013). A Grammatical Sketch of Ghadames Berber (Libya). Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-940-4.
- Lanfry, J. (1968). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. I, Textes, notes philologiques et ethnographiques. Fort-National: Fichier de documentation berbère.
- Lanfry, J. (1973). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. II, Glossaire (parler des Ayt Waziten). [Fort-National]: Le fichier périodique.