Bozo (Bambara: Boso meaning house of straw) is a Mande language spoken by the Bozo people of the Inner Niger Delta in Mali. For Fishing, many Bozo are also found in other West African countries where there are Rivers and Dams, such as Nigeria, Burkina Faso and the Ivory Coast. According to the 2000 census, the Bozo people number about 132,100. Bozo is considered a dialect cluster, but there is a quite a bit of diversity. Ethnologue recognises four languages on the basis of requirements for literacy materials. Bozo is part of the northwestern branch of the Mande languages; the closest linguistic relative is Soninke, a major language spoken in the northwestern section of southern Mali, in eastern Senegal, and in southern Mauritania. The Bozo often speak one or more regional languages such as Bambara, Fula, or Western Songhay. The language is tonal, with three lexical tones.
| Bozo | |
|---|---|
| Region | Mali, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast |
| Ethnicity | Bozo people |
Native speakers | 230,000 (apart from Tieyaxo) in Mali (2003–2009)[1] |
Mande
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:bzx – Hainyaxoboo – Tiemacèwèboz – Tiéyaxobze – Jenaama |
| Glottolog | bozo1252 |
The Bozo cluster is divided into the following varieties:
- Hainyaxo (Hainyaho, Kelengaxo, Kɛlɛngaxo) (a few thousand speakers), spoken in Mali[2][3]
- Tiɛma Cɛwɛ (Tièma cièwè, Tièma cièwe, Tiema ciewe, Tiema cewe, Tiemacèwè, Tiemacewe, Tiema) (2,500 speakers in 1991), spoken in Mali[citation needed]
- Tiéyaxo (Tieyaxo, Tigemaxo) (a few thousand speakers), spoken in Mali and Burkina Faso[4][3]
- Sorogaama (Jenaama, Sorogama, Sorko) (200,000 speakers in 2005), spoken in Mali, Nigeria and Ivory Coast[citation needed]
Hainyaxo (Kelengaxo), spoken by the Hain (sg. Xan), is the most western dialect, spoken in two spots along the Niger River. It is closely related to Tieyaxo (Tigemaxo), its eastern neighbour which is spoken around Diafarabé. The central and most widely spoken Bozo language is Jenaama (Sorogama), which actually consists of four dialects, Pondori (south of Mopti), Kotya, Korondugu (north of Mopti) and Debo (around Lake Debo). Tiemacewe (Tièma Cièwè) is the northeasternmostern Bozo dialect, spoken in the vicinity of Lake Debo.
Nigeria
editIn Nigeria, the Jenaama/Sorogama dialect of the Bozo language is usually referred to as Sorko. It is spoken in the Nigerian states of Niger, Kebbi, and Kwara (Lake Kainji).
Writing system
edit| Bozo alphabet of DNAFLA[5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | Ɛ | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ɲ | Ŋ | O | Ɔ | P | R | S | T | U | W | X | Y |
| a | b | c | d | e | ɛ | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o | ɔ | p | r | s | t | u | w | x | y |
A long vowel is indicated by doubling the letter: ⟨aa, ee, ɛɛ, ii, oo, ɔɔ, uu⟩; nasalization is indicated by following the letter with an n: ⟨an, en, ɛn, in, on, ɔn, un⟩.[5]
Notes
edit- ^ Hainyaxo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Tiemacèwè at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Tiéyaxo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Jenaama at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ "Welcome to ethologue.com". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ^ a b Ethnologue (15th edition) reports identical speaker counts for both Hainyaho and Tigemaxo: 117,696, from the 1987 census. In the fourteenth edition, this number was noted to be the number of 'all mother tongue Boso speakers'. In the light of the 200,000 reported speakers of Sorogama, by far the most widely spoken Bozo variety, speaker numbers for Hainyaho and Tigemaxo are put at 'a few thousand' here.
- ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:BOZ". Archived from the original on 2006-05-14. Retrieved 2005-09-15.
- ^ a b DNAFLA 1993.
References
edit- Daget, Jacques & Konipo, M. & Sanakoua, M. (1953) 'La langue bozo' (Études soudaniennes, 1). Koulouba: Institut français d'Afrique noire, Gouvernement du Soudan, Centre IFAN.
- Blecke, Thomas (1998) Lexikalische Strukturen und grammatische Kategorien im Tigemaxo (Bozo, Mande). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. ISBN 3-89645-070-0
- République du Mali, Direction nationale de l’alphabétisation fonctionnelle et de la linguistique appliquée (1993). Alphabets et règles d'orthographe des langues nationales. Bamako: DNAFLA.
External links
edit- Ethnolinguistic map of the Bozo languages (SIL)
- La langue Bozo
- Resources in Bozo-Tieyaxo Archived 2012-06-05 at the Wayback Machine from SIL Mali Archived 2014-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.
- Resources in Bozo-Jenaama Archived 2012-06-05 at the Wayback Machine from SIL Mali Archived 2014-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.