Hippocamelus is a genus of Cervidae, the deer family. It comprises two extant Andean and two fossil species. The living members are commonly known as the huemul (from the Mapuche language), and the taruca, also known as northern huemul.
| Hippocamelus | |
|---|---|
| |
| The taruca | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Cervidae |
| Subfamily: | Capreolinae |
| Tribe: | Odocoileini |
| Genus: | Hippocamelus Leuckart 1816 |
| Type species | |
| Hippocamelus dubius Leuckart, 1816
| |
| Species | |
| |
Both species have a stocky, thick, and short-legged body. They live at high altitudes in the summer. Though Taruca spends their whole life cycle at these high altitudes, especially as populations get nearer the Ecuator line, Southern Huemul, moves down the mountains in the fall and spend the winter in sheltered forested valleys.
Areas with fresh water are preferred. They are herbivores that feed primarily on herbaceous plants and shrubs as well as sedges, lichens, and grasses found between the rocks on high peaks. They are active during daytime and have a lifespan of about ten years.[citation needed]
Extant species
editHuemul
editThe huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), also known as the South Andean deer, is found in Chile and Argentina. Huemuls live in groups of varying size, typically of two or three individuals, but sometimes as many as eleven. In the past, groups of over a hundred deer were reported.[citation needed] Groups are made up of a female and her young, while males are often alone.
Huemul occur in several national parks in Chile and neighbouring parts of Argentina and have been on the Endangered list since 1996. They are endangered primarily due to human impacts such as deforestation, habitat fragmentation by roads, introduction of non-native mammals such as farm animals, and poaching. They are in a classic "extinction spiral" marked by increasingly small, isolated populations.[citation needed]
The huemul is, along with the condor, the national animal of Chile.
Taruca
editThe taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis), also called Northern Huemul, is mainly found in Peru. Scattered potpulations are also found in high mountain regions of Bolivia, and in a less extent in northern Chile and Argentina, inhabiting treeless Puna grasslands. They live at high altitudes ranging from 3,500 to 5,200 meters above sea level.
Social habits include grazing in flexible groups of up to thirty animals consisting of one or two males and several females.[1]
Taxonomy and evolution
editIn 2008, a genetic study indicated that the huemul and taruca may not be closely related, and that the taruca should therefore be placed in a separate genus.[2] This has been contradicted by more recent studies.[3]
Fossils belonging to the now extinct species Hippocamelus sulcatus have been identified from Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. This species inhabited lowland plains habitats, rather than mountains, and lived between 1.5 and 0.5 million years ago, during the mid to late Pleistocene. Its exact relationship to the living species is unclear. A second fossil species, Hippocamelus percultus, is known from the Bolivian Andes, and lived around 40,000 to 20,000 years ago; it may be a direct ancestor of the living taruca.[4]
Conservation
editBoth species are threatened according to the IUCN. The Southern Hueamul is endangered and the taruca is listed as vulnerable.
References
edit- ^ Roe, N.; Rees, W. (1976). "Preliminary observations of the taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis: Cervidae) in southern Peru". Journal of Mammalogy. 57 (4): 722–730. doi:10.2307/1379442. JSTOR 1379442.
- ^ Duarte, J.M.B.; et al. (2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009. PMID 18675919.
- ^ Heckeberg, N.S.; Erpenbeck, D.; et al. (August 2016). "Systematic relationships of five newly sequenced cervid species". PeerJ. 4: e2307. doi:10.7717/peerj.2307. PMC 4991894. PMID 27602278.
- ^ Barrio, J. (2013). "Hippocamelus antisensis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)". Mammalian Species. 45 (901): 49–59. doi:10.1644/901.1.