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Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956

(Redirected from Hudsonville–Standale tornado of April 1956)

From April 2–3, 1956, a large, deadly tornado outbreak affected the Great Plains, parts of the South, and the upper Midwest in the contiguous United States, especially the Great Lakes region. The outbreak produced at least 55 tornadoes, including an F5 that devastated the Grand Rapids metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Michigan on April 3. It was one of three tornadoes to move across southwest Lower Michigan on that day. A fourth tornado struck north of the Manistee area, in the northern part of the peninsula. The Hudsonville–Standale tornado killed 18 and injured 333. It remains the fourth deadliest tornado on record in Michigan and is the most recent F5 on record there. Several other deadly, intense, long-tracked tornadoes also occurred during the outbreak. In addition to the fatalities in Kansas, Oklahoma, Michigan and Berlin, Wisconsin, three people were killed in Tennessee, one person in Kentucky and two more people in Wisconsin. In total, 39 were killed during the entire event.[nb 1]

Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956
The Saugatuck F4 tornado as it dissapates.
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes55
Maximum ratingF5 tornado
DurationApril 2–3, 1956
Overall effects
Fatalities39
Injuries790
Damage≥ $8,035,530 ($90,050,000 in 2024 USD)
Areas affectedCentral United States
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1956

Background

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Tuesday, April 3, 1956, was a warm and humid day across most of the Midwestern U.S., the Great Lakes and the Ohio Valley. Temperatures in the areas affected by the worst of the outbreak were well into the 70s °F, approaching 80 °F (27 °C) in Michigan, with anomalously high dew points—the latter exceeding 60 °F (16 °C) near the shoreline of Lake Michigan. A potent low-pressure area accompanied an intense mid-latitude cyclone with a pronounced dry line located near the western Great Lakes. An attendant warm front extended eastward over Wisconsin, a vigorous cold front southward through Illinois. In tandem with the advancing trough, a strong jet stream with winds up to 135 kn (155 mph; 250 km/h) extended over Little Rock, Arkansas, and impinged on the Upper Midwest. Prior to the arrival of the storms in the region, schools had closed earlier than usual due to the threat of severe weather. By late afternoon, the cold front crossed over the western Great Lakes including Lake Michigan.[2]

Outbreak statistics

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Daily statistics of tornadoes during the tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956
Date[nb 2] Total F-scale rating[nb 3] Deaths Injuries Damage[nb 4]
 FU   F0   F1   F2   F3   F4   F5 
April 2 20 0 3 4 7 3 3 0 7 144 ≥ $1,657,530
April 3 35 3 1 2 18 5 5 1 32 646 $6,378,000
Total 55 3 4 6 25 8 8 1 39 790 ≥ $8,035,530

Confirmed tornadoes

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Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
3 4 6 25 8 8 1 55*

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.[10][nb 5] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.[14][nb 3] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

Color/symbol key
Color / symbol Description
† Data from Grazulis 1990/1993/2001b
Data from a local National Weather Service office
※ Data from the 1956 Climatological Data National Summary publication
‡ Data from the NCEI database
♯ Maximum width of tornado
± Tornado was rated below F2 intensity by Grazulis but a specific rating is unavailable.
List of confirmed tornadoes in the tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord.[nb 6] Date[nb 2] Time (UTC) Path length Width[nb 7] Damage
F1 SE of Allendale Worth Missouri 40°26′N 94°15′W / 40.43°N 94.25°W / 40.43; -94.25 (Allendale (April 2, F1)) April 2 07:00–? 3 mi (4.8 km)※ 30 yd (27 m) $2,500‡
A tornado intermittently damaged outbuildings on three farms.[20][21]
F1 Wilmette Cook Illinois 42°04′N 87°44′W / 42.07°N 87.73°W / 42.07; -87.73 (Wilmette (April 2, F1)) April 2 07:30–? 2 mi (3.2 km) 10 yd (9.1 m) $250,000‡
A small, short-lived tornado generated minor damage.[20][22]
F1 Owasso Tulsa Oklahoma 36°16′N 95°50′W / 36.27°N 95.83°W / 36.27; -95.83 (Owasso (April 2, F1)) April 2 16:30–? 0.25 mi (0.40 km)※ 33 yd (30 m) Un­known
A few outbuildings were destroyed in a brief touchdown over remote areas.[20][23]
F0 NW of Pawnee Rock Barton Kansas 38°17′N 99°00′W / 38.28°N 99.00°W / 38.28; -99.00 (Pawnee Rock (April 2, F0)) April 2 00:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡ Un­known
A farm was damaged.[24][25]
F2† NW of Ellinwood to E of Claflin to NE of Holyrood† Barton, Ellsworth† Kansas 38°21′N 98°34′W / 38.35°N 98.57°W / 38.35; -98.57 (Elinwood (April 2, F2)) April 2 00:30†–? 30 mi (48 km)† 50 yd (46 m)† ≥$30,000†
This long-tracked tornado family first produced F1-level damage to hangars and aircraft at the Ellinwood airport. It then damaged drilling rigs, small homes, and utility lines in and near an oil camp on K-4. In southern Holyrood the tornado shifted five homes on their foundations, and a gym and bleachers were wrecked. One person was injured.[26][27][28][29][30][24]
F3 Hopeton to W of Burlington※ Woods, Alfalfa Oklahoma 36°41′N 98°40′W / 36.68°N 98.67°W / 36.68; -98.67 (Hopeton (April 2, F3)) April 2 01:05–? 20 mi (32 km) 400 yd (370 m) $250,000†
This tornado damaged or destroyed 30 buildings, including 20 homes, and a grain elevator. Three people were injured.[26][31][32][33]
F0 WNW of Attica Harper Kansas 37°15′N 98°15′W / 37.25°N 98.25°W / 37.25; -98.25 (Attica (April 2, F0)) April 2 01:10–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡ Un­known
Trees were felled and structures shifted on their foundations.[34][33]
F0 N of Hunter Mitchell Kansas 39°16′N 98°24′W / 39.27°N 98.40°W / 39.27; -98.40 (Hunter (April 2, F0)) April 2 01:30–? 3 mi (4.8 km)※ 33 yd (30 m)‡ Un­known
A tornado damaged agricultural outbuildings and transmission lines.[35][36][33]
F3† W of Kremlin to S of Medford† Garfield, Grant Oklahoma 36°33′N 97°51′W / 36.55°N 97.85°W / 36.55; -97.85 (Kremlin (April 2, F3)) April 2 01:45–? 18 mi (29 km)※ 100 yd (91 m) $100,000†
Eight farmsteads were impacted, a few of which incurred borderline-F4 damage. A home near the end of the path was wrecked as well. Three head of cattle perished in a collapsed barn. Four injuries were confirmed.[26][37][38][33]
F2± N of Billings Kay Oklahoma 36°39′N 97°27′W / 36.65°N 97.45°W / 36.65; -97.45 (Billings (April 2, F2)) April 2 02:45–? 4 mi (6.4 km)※ 33 yd (30 m)‡ $30‡
Every building on a farm was wrecked except for the farmhouse. Chickens were killed, and agricultural machinery was also destroyed.[39][33]
F1 Northern Tishomingo Johnston Oklahoma 34°15′N 96°40′W / 34.25°N 96.67°W / 34.25; -96.67 (Tishomingo (April 2, F1)) April 2 03:29–? 8 mi (13 km) 25 yd (0.023 km)※ $2,500‡
Many outbuildings, a metal fence, and a concession stand at a drive-in theater were destroyed. Posts at the theater were broken off as well.[40][33]
F3† E of Skedee to E of Fairfax‡ Pawnee, Osage Oklahoma 36°23′N 96°42′W / 36.38°N 96.70°W / 36.38; -96.70 (Skedee, (April 2, F3)) April 2 03:30–? 10 mi (16 km)† 100 yd (91 m) $20,000†
This tornado destroyed a home and unroofed a pair of others. Barns were leveled, outbuildings damaged, and livestock killed as well. One injury occurred.[26][41][42][33]
F4 ENE of Kildare (OK) to NW of Howard (KS)† Kay (OK), Cowley (KS), Chautauqua (KS), Elk (KS) Oklahoma, Kansas 36°49′N 96°58′W / 36.82°N 96.97°W / 36.82; -96.97 (Kildare (April 2, F4)) April 2 03:30–04:10 60 mi (97 km)† 800 yd (730 m)† Un­known
This was the first member of a long-lived, violent tornado family and likely consisted of multiple tornadoes. Near Hardy several funnel clouds were seen to form a single large tornado. In this area, just south of the Oklahoma–Kansas state line, a home incurred near-F5-level damage, and numerous trees nearby were entirely stripped of their bark. Several outbuildings were wrecked as well, debris strewn over a large area, and a horse and six cattle killed. Only a few people were injured before the tornado entered Kansas. In the latter state F4 damage was reported south of Grenola. Along the entire path 25 people were injured.[43][26][44][45][46][47][48]
F2† Between Elbing and Whitewater to ENE of Florence† Butler, Marion Kansas 37°58′N 97°08′W / 37.97°N 97.13°W / 37.97; -97.13 (Whitewater (April 2, F2)) April 2 03:30–? 16 mi (26 km)† Un­known Un­known
Many sheds and barns were destroyed, debris of which was carried for miles. A 90-pound (41 kg) stone penetrated the roof of a home. One injury was reported.[26][49][50][51][52]
F4† Jacktown to Davenport† to Drumright※ Lincoln, Creek Oklahoma 35°30′N 97°00′W / 35.50°N 97.00°W / 35.50; -97.00 (Jacktown (April 2, F4)) April 2 03:33–? 50 mi (80 km)† 300 yd (270 m) $1,000,000†
5 deaths – A long-tracked, violent tornado began east of Fowler. Eight injuries occurred in Davenport. The tornado passed west of Stroud and continued into Drumright. In Drumright, 63 homes were destroyed and 203 damaged, with five deaths, four of which were in one family. A church and numerous rural farms were destroyed as well. In all, 98 people were injured.[26][53][54][55][56][48]
F2† Near Cedar Point† Chase Kansas Un­known April 2 03:50–?† 6 mi (9.7 km)† Un­known Un­known
A barn was unroofed and a home wrecked. This is believed to be the first member of a long-tracked family, with five or more tornadoes along the same path, all spawned from the same supercell.[26][57]
F2† W of Strong City (1st tornado)† Chase Kansas 38°23′N 96°33′W / 38.38°N 96.55°W / 38.38; -96.55 (Strong City #1 (April 2, F2))‡ April 2 04:40–?† Un­known Un­known Un­known
An automobile was tossed 250 ft (83 yd) and its driver injured.[26][58][57]
F2† W of Strong City (2nd tornado) to N of Dover† Chase, Lyon, Wabaunsee, Osage, Shawnee† Kansas Un­known April 2 04:40–05:30※ 55 mi (89 km)† Un­known Un­known
This was possibly a family of several tornadoes or a multiple-vortex event. As the tornado crossed Lake Kahola, 16 lakefront summer houses were wrecked. A number of trailers were turned onto their sides as well. Six people were injured, among them a boy near Bushong who was blown through a window and whose leg was injured, along with four men at a quarry near Eskridge.[26][59][60][57]
F2± SE of Auburn Nemaha Nebraska 40°22′N 95°50′W / 40.37°N 95.83°W / 40.37; -95.83 (Auburn (April 2, F2)) April 2 04:45–? 3 mi (4.8 km)※ 100 yd (91 m) $2,500‡
A garage was destroyed.[61][52]
F4† SW of Toronto to SE of Gridley Greenwood, Woodson, Coffey Kansas 37°36′N 96°08′W / 37.60°N 96.13°W / 37.60; -96.13 (Toronto (April 2, F4)) April 2 04:58–?※ 23 mi (37 km)† 400 yd (370 m)† Un­known
2 deaths – This was likely a family of tornadoes. A trailer and a seven-room house were leveled. One of the dead was reportedly found more than 1 mi (1.6 km) away. Four injuries were reported.[26][62][63][64][65][52]
FU※ E of Harveyville to southwestern Topeka Osage, Shawnee Kansas Un­known April 3 05:30–05:47 Un­known Un­known Un­known
This tornado passed west of Auburn and through the Seabrook section of Topeka. In Seabrook, the tornado broke glass, blew out bricks, and damaged television antennae and trees. Crops were impacted as well.[57]
F3† Near Meriden to NW of Nortonville† Jefferson, Atchison Kansas 39°21′N 95°28′W / 39.35°N 95.47°W / 39.35; -95.47 (Meriden (April 3, F3)) April 3 05:55–?† 20 mi (32 km)† 300 yd (270 m)† ≥$250,000†
This was the last member of a 150-mile-long (240 km) tornado family. Several farmhouses were wrecked and 19 cattle were killed in a barn. Two people were injured.[26][66][57]
F2† Sobol※ Pushmataha Oklahoma 34°09′N 95°13′W / 34.15°N 95.22°W / 34.15; -95.22 (Sobol (April 3, F2)) April 3 06:05–? 2 mi (3.2 km) 100 yd (91 m) $20,000†
An entire farmstead was wrecked and a school, house, and various outbuildings damaged. Three injuries were reported.[26][67][68]
F4 SW of Narcissa (OK) to SE of Carterville (MO)‡ Ottawa (OK), Cherokee (KS), Jasper (MO) Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri 36°46′N 94°58′W / 36.77°N 94.97°W / 36.77; -94.97 (Narcissa (April 3, F4)) April 3 06:10–? 40 mi (64 km)† 800 yd (730 m)† $725,000†
This violent, long-tracked tornado affected the Joplin, Missouri, metropolitan area. A home sustained F4 damage in the Quapaw–Miami area, its debris being dispersed 500 ft (170 yd). 61 homes were destroyed or damaged in this area. The tornado then crossed the Oklahoma–Kansas state line into Baxter Springs, destroying or damaging 27 homes, along with a grandstand at a baseball field, and felling trees. The tornado crossed into Missouri west of Joplin and passed through Webb City, damaging 30 homes and several businesses. In all, 54 people were injured.[43][26][69][70][71][72][73]
F2† S of Noel to Pineville‡ McDonald Missouri 36°30′N 94°29′W / 36.50°N 94.48°W / 36.50; -94.48 (Noel (April 3, F2)) April 3 06:30–? 8 mi (13 km)† 35 yd (32 m)† $25,000‡
Five barns were wrecked and roofing of homes damaged. One person was injured.[26][74][75]
F2 NE of Highland† Iowa Wisconsin 43°06′N 90°15′W / 43.10°N 90.25°W / 43.10; -90.25 (Highland (April 3, F2)) April 3 17:00–? 4 mi (6.4 km)※ 200 yd (180 m) $100,000†
A tornado leveled a pair of barns, one of which had its CBU foundation dislodged.[76][77][75]
F2± Thebes※ Ashley Arkansas 33°18′N 91°35′W / 33.30°N 91.58°W / 33.30; -91.58 (Thebes (April 3, F2)) April 3 18:25–? 2 mi (3.2 km)※ 200 yd (180 m)※ $2,500‡
Several sheds and a barn were destroyed. A home sustained damage as well.[78][75]
F3† Western Bancroft to NW of Amherst† Portage Wisconsin 44°15′N 89°31′W / 44.25°N 89.52°W / 44.25; -89.52 (Bancroft (April 3, F3)) April 3 18:50–? 18 mi (29 km)※ 100 yd (91 m) $180,000†
2 deaths – Various outbuildings and barns were destroyed at eight different locations. The deaths occurred separately in homes that were destroyed. Seven injuries were reported.[76][79][75]
F2 SSW of Lake Village† Chicot Arkansas 33°15′N 91°26′W / 33.25°N 91.43°W / 33.25; -91.43 (Lake Village (April 3, F2)) April 3 19:00–? 1 mi (1.6 km) 20 yd (18 m) $20,000†
A pair of homes were destroyed and another pair damaged. Sheds and barns were wrecked as well.[76][80][75]
F4 SSW of Berlin to northwestern Omro‡ Green Lake, Waushara‡, Winnebago※ Wisconsin 43°59′N 88°56′W / 43.98°N 88.93°W / 43.98; -88.93 (Berlin (April 3, F4)) April 3 19:30†–20:05※ 12 mi (19 km)※ 400 yd (370 m)※ $1,000,000†
7 deaths – 20 or more homes and a factory were destroyed; many of the homes were leveled, sustaining F4 damage. Lightweight items from Berlin were found up to 75 mi (121 km) away. 50 injuries were confirmed.[81][76][82][83][84]
F2† E of Ogdensburg to near Symco Waupaca Wisconsin Un­known April 3 19:45–? 7 mi (11 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
Nine barns, a rural school, and a general store were wrecked.[76]
F2 Linn† Sunflower Mississippi 33°33′N 90°36′W / 33.55°N 90.60°W / 33.55; -90.60 (Linn (April 3, F2)) April 3 20:30–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
This strong tornado wrecked a pair of homes, injuring a few people. It was the first member of a long-tracked tornado family that began west of Sunflower, passed near Chesterville, and continued to Belden and Saltillo.[85][86][84]
F2± NE of Lawrenceville※ Lawrence Illinois 38°44′N 87°41′W / 38.73°N 87.68°W / 38.73; -87.68 (Lawrenceville (April 3, F2)) April 3 20:30–? 3 mi (4.8 km)※ 33 yd (30 m)‡ $25,000‡
This strong tornado struck a sawmill, wrecking a spacious outbuilding there. A concrete structure was also damaged, with packaged lumber strewn all about. Several windows were broken as well.[87][84]
F2± ESE of Kempton Ford Illinois 40°55′N 88°12′W / 40.92°N 88.20°W / 40.92; -88.20 (Kempton (April 3, F2)) April 3 22:00–? 2 mi (3.2 km) 50 yd (46 m) $25,000‡
A barn was unroofed, other structures damaged, a newly-built chicken coop destroyed, and windows shattered.[88][84]
F3 E of Dixon to NNE of Zion‡ Webster, Henderson Kentucky 37°31′N 87°40′W / 37.52°N 87.67°W / 37.52; -87.67 (Dixon (April 3, F3)) April 3 22:00–? 10 mi (16 km)※ 200 yd (180 m)† $25,000†
1 death – One home and several barns were wrecked. Many livestock were killed as well. The lone victim was thrown 250 feet (83.3 yd) from her home. Two other individuals were injured.[76][89][90][84]
F2± NE of Klondyke※ Vermillion※ Indiana 39°25′N 86°58′W / 39.42°N 86.97°W / 39.42; -86.97 (Klondyke (April 3, F2)) April 3 22:00–?※ 0.284 mi (0.457 km)※ 10 yd (9.1 m) $25,000‡
A brief tornado unroofed a barn and stripped a farmhouse of some roof shingles. A window was smashed as well.[91][92]
F2 SW of Weldon to E of De Land‡ De Witt, Piatt Illinois 40°06′N 88°47′W / 40.10°N 88.78°W / 40.10; -88.78 ((April 3, F2)) April 3 22:08–? 10 mi (16 km)※ 40 yd (37 m) $30,000†
Buildings were wrecked on four farmsteads and other structures were unroofed.[76][93][84]
F4¶ Western Saugatuck to Gibson to southwestern Holland Allegan Michigan 42°40′N 86°13′W / 42.67°N 86.22°W / 42.67; -86.22 (Saugatuck (April 3, F4) April 3 22:45–23:00 9 mi (14 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
See section on this tornado – Seven people were injured.
F4 SE of Chapel Hill to Lexington to Alberton‡ Henderson Tennessee 35°35′N 88°28′W / 35.58°N 88.47°W / 35.58; -88.47 (Lexington (April 3, F4)) April 3 22:45–23:00※ 12 mi (19 km)※ 100 yd (91 m) $1,250,000†
3 deaths – A violent tornado destroyed a pair of businesses, along with 46 homes, a number of which received F4 damage. Additionally, 250 homes and 20 businesses were damaged. Bodies were tossed 100 yd (300 ft), and 60 people were injured as well.[81][94][95][84]
F3† SW of Salem to Canton to near Little York† Washington Indiana 38°36′N 86°07′W / 38.60°N 86.12°W / 38.60; -86.12 (Salem (April 3, F3)) April 3 22:45–?※ 23 mi (37 km)※ 150 yd (140 m)※ $600,000†
This intense tornado shifted a large bridge and destroyed or damaged more than 100 structures, including numerous barns. One of the victims later died in another tornado on March 19, 1963. A freezer was reportedly thrown a 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km). A dozen injuries were reported.[94][96][97]
F1 Pana※ Christian※ Illinois 39°39′N 88°30′W / 39.65°N 88.50°W / 39.65; -88.50 (Pana (April 3, F1)) April 3 23:00–? 5 mi (8.0 km)※ 100 yd (91 m) $25,000‡
Trees were felled and a pair of outbuildings overturned.[98][84]
F2† NW of Silver Lake† Kosciusko Indiana 40°59′N 85°58′W / 40.98°N 85.97°W / 40.98; -85.97 (Silver Lake (April 3, F2)) April 3 23:04–?※ 1.5 mi (2.4 km) 70 yd (64 m) $50,000†
10 cottages on Yellow Creek Lake received damage, half of which were flattened.[94][99][97]
F5 E of Vriesland to Hudsonville to Standale to N of Trufant Ottawa, Kent, Montcalm Michigan 42°46′N 85°59′W / 42.77°N 85.98°W / 42.77; -85.98 (Vriesland (April 3, F5)) April 3 23:30¶–00:41※ 48 mi (77 km)¶ 400 yd (370 m)¶ Un­known
18 deaths – See section on this tornado – 333 people were injured.
F0 SW of Pride‡ Union Kentucky 37°33′N 87°54′W / 37.55°N 87.90°W / 37.55; -87.90 (Pride (April 3, F0)) April 3 23:30–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡ $2,500‡
A brief tornado, probably spawned by the same storm as the Dixon–Zion F3, damaged a garage, a barn, and a number of homes.[100][16]
F4 Portage Point to E of Suttons Bay Manistee, Benzie, Grand Traverse, Leelanau※ Michigan 44°22′N 86°14′W / 44.37°N 86.23°W / 44.37; -86.23 (Portage Point (April 3, F4)) April 3 23:35–00:45¶ 50 mi (80 km)¶ 200 yd (180 m)† $400,000†
1 death – This possible tornado family, which passed northwest of Onekama, destroyed 13 homes and at least 26 barns before ending over Grand Traverse Bay. Two homes in Benzie County were leveled, one of which was a multi-story building, resulting in the lone death. Other homes were wrecked at Lake Ann, at Cedar Run, and near Solon, along with a barn at Bear Lake. The tornado affected very rural areas for most of its life, and was rated F3 by Grazulis. However, a reanalysis by the National Weather Service in 2008 reaffirmed the official F4 rating. 25 people were injured.[94][101][102][103][104][97]
F2† Near Chesterville to Belden to Saltillo† Pontotoc, Lee Mississippi Un­known April 3 00:00–?† 15 mi (24 km)† 200 yd (180 m)† Un­known
A gym at a school was wrecked, along with four homes. Four injuries occurred.[94][105][106][84]
F3 SW of Bangor to S of Lowell※ Van Buren, Allegan, Barry, Kent Michigan 42°16′N 86°08′W / 42.27°N 86.13°W / 42.27; -86.13 (Bangor (April 3, F3)) April 3 00:15–01:30※ 55 mi (89 km)¶ 150 yd (140 m)† $1,000,000†
See section on this tornado – 12 people were injured.
FU※ Emma LaGrange Indiana Un­known April 3 00:20–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
A brief tornado threw two people from a horse and buggy, neither of whom was injured. Several structures were impacted as well.[97]
F1 ESE of Fountain Head‡ Sumner Tennessee 36°32′N 86°27′W / 36.53°N 86.45°W / 36.53; -86.45 (Fountain Head (April 3, F1)) April 3 00:45–?※ 0.2 mi (0.32 km)‡ 7 yd (6.4 m)‡ $25,000‡
A dozen barns and many homes were wrecked.[107][16]
F2 Northern Topeka to W of LaGrange† LaGrange Indiana 41°38′N 85°29′W / 41.63°N 85.48°W / 41.63; -85.48 (Topeka (April 3, F2)) April 3 01:05–?† 7 mi (11 km)† Un­known $118,000†
A number of spacious homes lost part of their roofs and were otherwise damaged or moved. Four barns were wrecked as well.[94][108][97]
F2 Cedarbluff to Siloam※ Clay Mississippi 33°35′N 88°50′W / 33.58°N 88.83°W / 33.58; -88.83 (Cedarbluff (April 3, F2)) April 3 01:30–? 6 mi (9.7 km)※ 200 yd (180 m)† $150,000†
Many barns and homes were wrecked, along with a pair of churches. A few people were injured, and livestock was killed as well.[94][109][16]
F2± E of Leiters Ford to WNW of Richland Center‡ Fulton Indiana 41°07′N 86°23′W / 41.12°N 86.38°W / 41.12; -86.38 (Leiters Ford (April 3, F2)) April 3 01:30–? 4.1 mi (6.6 km)‡ 50 yd (46 m)‡ $25,000‡
This tornado damaged many barns.[110][16]
F2† W of Wawaka※ Noble Indiana 41°26′N 85°30′W / 41.43°N 85.50°W / 41.43; -85.50 (Wawaka (April 3, F2)) April 3 01:50–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 75 yd (69 m)※ $30,000†
A brief tornado destroyed or damaged six barns, lifting one onto a highway. Another barn was blown to pieces.[94][111][97]
F2± WSW of Boston Wayne Indiana 39°44′N 84°53′W / 39.73°N 84.88°W / 39.73; -84.88 (Boston (April 3, F2)) April 3 02:30–? 5 mi (8.0 km)※ 50 yd (46 m)※ $250,000‡
Farmsteads and homes received damage.[112][97]
FU† Un­known Leflore, Grenada, Yalobusha, Calhoun Mississippi 33°36′N 90°27′W / 33.60°N 90.45°W / 33.60; -90.45 ((April 3, FU)) April 3 Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known
One or more tornadoes occurred along the path.[85][113][84]

Saugatuck–Gibson–Graafschap–Holland, Michigan

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Saugatuck–Gibson–Graafschap–Holland, Michigan
F4 tornado
on the Fujita scale
Overall effects
Injuries7

This violent tornado was the first member of a long-lived, destructive family. It and the Hudsonville–Standale F5 are officially listed as a single, long-tracked, continuous tornado with a 58.8-mile-long (94.6 km) path, but were retrospectively and separately determined by Thomas P. Grazulis and the National Weather Service to have been a family of two or more tornadoes, one of which was a 9-mile-long (14 km) F4 (possibly an F5 as well) and the other a 48-mile-long (77 km) F5, the latter being the most recent F5 tornado on record in the U.S. state of Michigan. The first tornado may have passed through or near Gibson and Graafschap, lifted near Holland, and passed aloft over Zeeland Charter Township before reforming into and touching down as a second tornado just east of town. This second tornado then continued northeast before lifting a short distance north of Trufant.

The first member of the family developed over Lake Michigan and moved ashore a short distance south of Oval Beach, damaging a CBU building and several summer houses at Camp Gray. Heading north-northeastward, it passed near Mount Baldhead, wrecking a wooden beachfront home. An old, well-constructed, anchor-bolted lighthouse, fastened by a dozen iron pylons, was leveled, along with a trio of outbuildings and a cabin; all the pylons at the lighthouse were snapped or dislodged, indicating F4 winds. The tornado crossed part of the present-day Saugatuck Dunes State Park. Along the rest of its path, the tornado wrecked three homes—one brick, a pair frame, a twin-storied among the latter—and unroofed or destroyed a few barns. A few of the homes sustained at least F4 damage. Windows were smashed at a multi-story retail structure as well. Barns, outbuildings, and garages were wrecked along the path. Seven people were injured.[114]

Vriesland–Hudsonville–Standale–Grand Rapids-Comstock Park–Trufant, Michigan

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Vriesland–Hudsonville–Standale–Grand Rapids-Comstock Park–Trufant, Michigan
F5 tornado
on the Fujita scale
Highest winds>261 mph (420 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities18
Injuries333

Beginning a short distance east of Vriesland in Ottawa County, Michigan, this extremely violent tornado formed shortly after the dissipation of the Saugatuck F4. Rapidly intensifying, it moved northeastward over the southwestern and northern suburbs of Grand Rapids, causing F5 damage to businesses and homes there. Within half an hour the tornado killed 13 people as it tracked from Hudsonville to Standale and thence to Comstock Park, the last of which would be hit by an F4 tornado on Palm Sunday in 1965. Homes in Hudsonville and Standale were cleanly swept away from their foundations, with only small pieces of debris recovered in some locations. At least one home was so obliterated that all the floor tiles had been completely scoured from the foundation. Vehicles nearby were tossed hundreds of yards and mangled beyond recognition. Extensive wind-rowing of debris was observed, and hundreds of trees were snapped and debarked as well. After devastating the Hudsonville–Standale area, the tornado continued northeastward, past Rockford, obliterating a home, destroying a mobile home park, and damaging several farmsteads before dissipating. 18 people were killed and 333 others were injured by the storm. This, the fourth deadliest tornado in Michigan on record, was the last F5 (confirmed and/or possible) in the U.S. state of Michigan and occurred three years after the Flint–Beecher tornado that killed 116. The tornado that struck the Grand Rapids area was the inspiration for the La Dispute song "Hudsonville, MI 1956". Meanwhile, Hudsonville would be hit directly by a brief-but-strong F2 tornado just one year later, although that tornado caused no casualties.[115]

Bangor–Allegan–Lowell, Michigan

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Bangor–Allegan–Lowell, Michigan
F3 tornado
on the Fujita scale
Overall effects
Injuries12
Damage$1,000,000 ($11,210,000 in 2024 USD)

This intense, long-lived tornado family passed through or near Bangor, Bloomingdale, and the southern half of Allegan. Near the Van Buren–Allegan County line, it leveled a farmhouse and swept away several lakeside cabins; the farmhouse may have sustained F4 damage, but may not have been sufficiently well built, so only F3 damage is confirmable. In Allegan, the tornado mostly unroofed a road commission building and a factory, and 12 or more farms reported severe losses to livestock. Afterward, the tornado weakened, veered rightward, and may have lifted and reformed into a new event, as no structural damage occurred and damage to vegetation was lighter than elsewhere along the path. The tornado then re-intensified in Barry and Kent counties, badly damaging many farms. In all, the tornado destroyed 29 homes, mostly at low-end F3 intensity. A dozen people were injured.[116]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
  2. ^ a b All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  3. ^ a b The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[3][4] Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[5] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[6] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;[7] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[8]
  4. ^ The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Storm Data publication does not list exact damage totals for every event, instead giving damage categories. As such, damage for individual tornadoes is not comprehensive.[9]
  5. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[11] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[12] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[13]
  6. ^ All starting coordinates are based on the NCEI database and may not reflect contemporary analyses
  7. ^ The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[17] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[18][19]

References

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  1. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  2. ^ Multiple sources:
  3. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  4. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  5. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  6. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  7. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  8. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  9. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, Events reported
  10. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  11. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  12. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  13. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  14. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, pp. 1497, 1503.
  15. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10083356
  16. ^ a b c d e USWB 1956, p. 114.
  17. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  18. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
  19. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
  20. ^ a b c USWB 1956, p. 106.
  21. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10063704
  22. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10007475
  23. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092621
  24. ^ a b USWB 1956, p. 107.
  25. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025422
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Grazulis 1993, p. 993.
  27. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025425
  28. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025434
  29. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025435
  30. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025436
  31. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092622
  32. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092623
  33. ^ a b c d e f g USWB 1956, p. 108.
  34. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025427
  35. ^ "Severe Weather Database Files (1950-2021)". Storm Prediction Center Maps, Graphics, and Data Page. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. July 11, 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  36. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025429
  37. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092624
  38. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092625
  39. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092627
  40. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092628
  41. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092629
  42. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092632
  43. ^ a b Grazulis 1984, p. A-65.
  44. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092630
  45. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025440
  46. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025445
  47. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025447
  48. ^ a b USWB 1956, pp. 108–9.
  49. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025437
  50. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025441
  51. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025444
  52. ^ a b c USWB 1956, p. 109.
  53. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10092631
  54. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10093492
  55. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10093493
  56. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10093494
  57. ^ a b c d e USWB 1956, pp. 109–10.
  58. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025446
  59. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025449
  60. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025453
  61. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10069400
  62. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025451
  63. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025452
  64. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025455
  65. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025457
  66. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025456
  67. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10093496
  68. ^ USWB 1956, p. 110.
  69. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10093497
  70. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025458
  71. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10025459
  72. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10063708
  73. ^ USWB 1956, pp. 110–1.
  74. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10063707
  75. ^ a b c d e USWB 1956, p. 111.
  76. ^ a b c d e f g Grazulis 1993, p. 994.
  77. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10147919
  78. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #9983100
  79. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10147920
  80. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #9983101
  81. ^ a b Grazulis 1984, p. A-66.
  82. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10147921
  83. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10147922
  84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j USWB 1956, p. 112.
  85. ^ a b Grazulis 1993, pp. 994–5.
  86. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10049838
  87. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10007476
  88. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10007478
  89. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10037016
  90. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10037017
  91. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10005193
  92. ^ USWB 1956, pp. 112, 126.
  93. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10007479
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h Grazulis 1993, p. 995.
  95. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10127395
  96. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10005194
  97. ^ a b c d e f g USWB 1956, p. 113.
  98. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10007480
  99. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10005195
  100. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10037018
  101. ^ Ostuno 2008, pp. 3, 13–4, 16.
  102. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10040544
  103. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10040546
  104. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10040549
  105. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10049839
  106. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10049840
  107. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10127396
  108. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10005198
  109. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10049841
  110. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10005196
  111. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10005197
  112. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10005199
  113. ^ Storm Data Publication 1956, #10049839
  114. ^ Multiple sources:
  115. ^ Multiple sources:
  116. ^ Multiple sources:

Sources

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