Hemicyoninae is an extinct subfamily of Ursidae,[2][1] often called dog bears (literally "half dog" (Greek: ἡμικυων hemi-kyōn)). They were bear-like carnivorans living in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia during the Oligocene through Miocene epochs 33.9–5.3 Ma, existing for approximately 28.6 million years. They are sometimes classified as a separate family.[3]
| Hemicyoninae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Hemicyon sansaniensis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Ursidae |
| Subfamily: | †Hemicyoninae Frick, 1926 |
| Tribes and genera | |
| |
Systematics
editThe hemicyonines consists of three tribes: the Cephalogalini, Phoberocyonini, and Hemicyonini. In the past the hemicyonines were evaluated into family level (Hemicyonidae).[3] However the vast majority of papers and researchers that cover the evolution of bears often classified them as an extinct subfamily of ursids or stem-bears.[4][5] The genus Agriotherium was once classified as a hemicyonine[3] but recent work has shown the genus is a crown-ursid.[6]
- Subfamily †Hemicyoninae Frick, 1926
- Tribe †Cephalogalini de Bonis, 2013
- †Adelpharctos de Bonis, 1971
- †Adelpharctos ginsburgi de Bonis, 2011
- †Adelpharctos mirus de Bonis, 1971
- †Cyonarctos de Bonis, 2013
- †Cyonarctos dessei de Bonis, 2013
- †Phoberogale Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
- †Phoberogale minor (Filhol, 1877)
- †Phoberogale bonali (Helbing, 1928)
- †Phoberogale depereti (Viret, 1929)
- †Phoberogale gracile (Pomel, 1847)
- †Filholictis de Bonis, 2013
- †Filholictis filholi (Munier-Chalmas, 1877)
- †Cephalogale Jourdan, 1862
- †Cephalogale shareri Wang, et al., 2009
- †Cephalogale gergoviensis Viret, 1929
- †Cephalogale ginesticus Kuss, 1962
- †Cephalogale geoffroyi Jourdan, 1862
- †Adelpharctos de Bonis, 1971
- Tribe †Phoberocyonini Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
- †Plithocyon Ginsburg, 1955
- †Plithocyon armagnacensis Ginsburg, 1955
- †Plithocyon statzlingii (Frick, 1926)
- †Plithocyon bruneti Ginsburg, 1980
- †Plithocyon barstowensis (Frick, 1926)
- †Plithocyon ursinus (Cope, 1875)
- †Phoberocyon Ginsburg, 1955
- †Phoberocyon hispanicus Ginsburg & Morales, 1998
- †Phoberocyon dehmi Ginsburg, 1955
- †Phoberocyon huerzeleri Ginsburg, 1955
- †Phoberocyon aurelianensis (Mayet, 1908)
- †Phoberocyon youngi Xiang et al., 1986
- †Phoberocyon johnhenryi (White, 1947)
- †Plithocyon Ginsburg, 1955
- Tribe †Hemicyonini Frick, 1926
- †Zaragocyon Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
- †Zaragocyon daamsi Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
- †Dinocyon Jourdan, 1861
- †Dinocyon aurelianensis Frick, 1926
- †Dinocyon sansaniensis Frick, 1926
- †Dinocyon thenardi Jourdan, 1861
- †Hemicyon Lartet, 1851
- †Hemicyon barbouri Colbert, 1941
- †Hemicyon teilhardi Colbert, 1939
- †Hemicyon grivensis Frick, 1926
- †Hemicyon minor Dépéret, 1887
- †Hemicyon sansaniensis Lartet, 1851
- †Zaragocyon Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
- Tribe †Cephalogalini de Bonis, 2013
References
edit
Wikispecies has information related to Hemicyonidae.
- ^ a b L. de Bonis (2011). "A new species of Adelpharctos (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) from the late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France)". Estudios Geológicos. 67 (2): 179–186. doi:10.3989/egeol.40553.181.
- ^ a b c d e Louis De Bonis (2013). "Ursidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France) and a reappraisal of the genus Cephalogale Geoffroy, 1862". Geodiversitas. 35 (4): 787–814. doi:10.5252/g2013n4a4. S2CID 131561629.
- ^ a b c McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S. (1997). Classification of nammals above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231528535.
- ^ Hunt, R. M. (1998). "Ursidae". In Jacobs, Louis; Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen L. (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–195. ISBN 0-521-35519-2.
- ^ Jiangzuo, Qigao; Flynn, John J. (2020-06-26). "The Earliest Ursine Bear Demonstrates the Origin of Plant-Dominated Omnivory in Carnivora". iScience. 23 (6): 101235. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1235J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101235. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 7303987. PMID 32559731.
- ^ Jiangzuo, Q.; Flynn, J. J.; Wang, S.; Hou, S.; Deng, T. (2023). "New fossil giant panda relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): a basal lineage of gigantic Mio-Pliocene cursorial carnivores". American Museum Novitates (3996): 1–71. doi:10.1206/3996.1. hdl:2246/7315. S2CID 257508340.