Haplogroup E-M75

Haplogroup E-M75
Haplogroup E-M75
Possible time of origin	52,300 years BP
Coalescence age	37,400 years BP
Possible place of origin	Africa
Ancestor	E-M96
Descendants	E-M41, E-M54
Defining mutations	M75, P68

Haplogroup E-M75 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with haplogroup E-P147, it is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96.

Ancient DNA

Within Africa

Kenya

At Prettejohn's Gully, in Nakuru County, Kenya, there were two pastoralists of the early pastoral period; one carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and K1a, and another carried haplogroup L3f1b.^[2]^[3]

At Ilkek Mounds, in Nakuru County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L0f2a.^[2]^[3]

At Kisima Farm/C4, in Laikipia County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age, carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L3h1a1.^[2]^[3]

Outside of Africa

United States of America

At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE.^[4] Coosaw, who was of West African and Native American ancestry, carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2.^[4]

Distribution

Sorted frequency table of E-M75+ populations. Note that a "?" specifies that the sublineage of E-M75 was either untested for or unreported in the relevant study.

Population	Region	Size	E-M75+	M41+	M54+	E-M75+M41-M54-
Alur^[5]	East Africa	9	66.67%	66.67%	0.00%	0.00%
Hema^[5]	East Africa	18	38.89%	38.89%	0.00%	0.00%
Xhosa^[5]	South Africa	80	27.50%	0.00%	27.50%	0.00%
Rimaibe^[6]	Western Africa	37	27.03%	?	27.03%	?
Mbuti Pygmies^[6]	Central Africa	12	25.00%	?	25.00%	?
Daba^[6]	Central Western Africa	18	22.22%	?	22.22%	?
Eviya^[7]	Central Western Africa	24	20.83%	?	?	?
Zulu^[5]	South Africa	29	20.69%	0.00%	20.69%	0.00%
Bantu (Kenya)^[8]	East Africa	29	17.24%	3.45%	13.79%	0.00%
Ethiopia^[9]	East Africa	88	17.05%	17.05%	0.00%	0.00%
Ganda^[5]	East Africa	26	15.38%	7.69%	3.85%	3.85%
S.Africa^[9]	South Africa	53	15.09%	0.00%	15.09%	0.00%
Comorian Shirazi^[10]	East Africa	-	14.00%	0.00%	14.00%	0.00%
Akele^[7]	Central Western Africa	50	12.00%	?	?	?
Eshira^[7]	Central Western Africa	42	11.90%	?	?	?
Dama^[5]	South Africa	18	11.11%	0.00%	5.56%	5.56%
Mixed Nilo-Saharan^[6]	Central Western Africa	9	11.11%	?	11.11%	?
Obamba^[7]	Central Western Africa	47	10.64%	?	?	?
Orungu^[7]	Central Western Africa	21	9.52%	?	?	?
Shake^[7]	Central Western Africa	43	9.30%	?	?	?
Senegalese^[11]	West Africa	33	9.09%	?	?	?
Hutu^[8]	East Africa	69	8.70%	4.35%	4.35%	0.00%
Duma^[7]	Central Western Africa	46	8.70%	?	?	?
Malagasy^[12]	Madagascar	35	8.57%	0.00%	8.57%	0.00%
Teke^[7]	Central Western Africa	48	8.33%	?	?	?
C.Africa^[9]	Central Africa	37	8.11%	0.00%	8.11%	0.00%
Mandara^[5]	Central Africa	28	7.14%	0.00%	7.14%	0.00%
Ngoumba^[5]	Central Africa	31	6.45%	0.00%	6.45%	0.00%
!Kung^[6]	South Africa	64	6.25%	?	6.25%	?
Ndumu^[7]	Central Western Africa	36	5.56%	?	?	?
African Americans^[11]	North America	199	5.53%	?	?	?
Fon^[8]	West Africa	100	5.00%	0.00%	5.00%	0.00%
Sudan^[9]	East Africa	40	5.00%	5.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Tsogo^[7]	Central Western Africa	60	5.00%	?	?	?
Ambo^[5]	South Africa	22	4.55%	0.00%	4.55%	0.00%
Mbuti Pygmies^[5]	East Africa	47	4.26%	0.00%	4.26%	0.00%
Tutsi^[8]	East Africa	94	4.26%	0.00%	4.26%	0.00%
Galoa^[7]	Central Western Africa	47	4.26%	?	?	?
Ngumba^[7]	Central Western Africa	24	4.17%	?	?	?
Mossi^[6]	Western Africa	49	4.08%	?	4.08%	?
Khwe^[6]	South Africa	26	3.85%	?	3.85%	?
Sotho-Tswana^[5]	South Africa	28	3.57%	0.00%	3.57%	0.00%
Nzebi^[7]	Central Western Africa	57	3.51%	?	?	?
Punu^[7]	Central Western Africa	58	3.45%	?	?	?
Bakola Pygmies^[5]	Central Africa	33	3.03%	0.00%	3.03%	0.00%
Wolof^[5]	West Africa	34	2.94%	0.00%	2.94%	0.00%
Senegalese^[13]	West Africa	139	2.88%	?	?	?
Mandinka^[5]	West Africa	39	2.56%	0.00%	0.00%	2.56%
Kikuyu & Kamba^[5]	East Africa	42	2.38%	0.00%	2.38%	0.00%
Wairak^[8]	East Africa	43	2.33%	2.33%	0.00%	0.00%
Makina^[7]	Central Western Africa	43	2.33%	?	?	?
Benga^[7]	Central Western Africa	48	2.08%	?	?	?
Shona^[5]	South Africa	49	2.04%	0.00%	0.00%	2.04%
Kota^[7]	Central Western Africa	53	1.89%	?	?	?
Dogon^[5]	West Africa	55	1.82%	0.00%	1.82%	0.00%
Arabs (Oman)^[8]	Near East/Asia	121	1.65%	0.00%	1.65%	0.00%
Ethiopian (Oromo)^[13]	East Africa	78	1.28%	?	?	?

Subclades

E-M75*

Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,^[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,^[5] 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal,^[5] and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona from Zimbabwe.^[5]

E-M41

Haplogroup E-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the Great Lakes and Upper Nile regions of Central-East Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of Alur from the DRC,^[5] 39% (7/18) of a sample of Hema from the DRC,^[5] 17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia,^[9] 8% (2/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,^[5] 5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan,^[9] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,^[8] 3% (1/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,^[8] and 2% (1/43) of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania.^[8] E-M41 has also been identified in noticeable amounts among commercial DNA testers from the Arabian Peninsula and among a few Ashkenazi Jewish males,^[14] and also in a male from Lebanon.^[15]

E-M54

Haplogroup E-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of Xhosa from South Africa,^[5] 27% (10/37) of a sample of Rimaibe from Burkina Faso,^[6] 22% (4/18) of a sample of Daba from northern Cameroon,^[6] 21% (6/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa,^[5] 15% (8/53) of a sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans,^[9] 14% (4/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,^[8] 14% of a sample of Comorian Shirazi,^[10] 11% (1/9) of a small sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon,^[6] 9% (3/35) of a sample of Malagasy from Madagascar,^[12] 8% (3/37) of a sample from Central Africa,^[9] 7% (2/28) of a sample of Mandara from northern Cameroon,^[5] 6% (2/31) of a sample of Ngumba from southern Cameroon,^[5] 6% (4/64) of a sample of !Kung from South Africa,^[6] 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,^[5] 5% (5/100) of a sample of Fon from Benin,^[8] 5% (1/22) of a sample of Ambo from Namibia,^[5] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,^[8] 4% (4/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda,^[8] 4% (2/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the DRC,^[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,^[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Khwe from South Africa,^[6] 4% (1/28) of a sample of Sotho-Tswana from South Africa,^[5] 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon,^[5] 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof from Gambia/Senegal,^[5] 3% (2/72) of a sample from Qatar,^[16] 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya,^[5] 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali,^[5] and approximately 2% of a sample of 121 Arabs from Oman.^[8]

It has been suggested that haplogroup E-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.^[6]^[7]

E-M98*

E-M98(xM85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.^[6]

E-M200

E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[6] According to Figure 4 of Cruciani (2002), all three Bambuti who exhibit the M200 mutation share an identical microsatellite haplotype based on seven STR loci with one another and with some E-M85(xM200) Khoisan (!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.^[6]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
E-P29	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E*	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E
E-M33	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E1*	E1	E1a	E1a	E1	E1	E1a	E1a	E1a	E1a	E1a
E-M44	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E1a	E1a	E1a1	E1a1	E1a	E1a	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1
E-M75	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E2a	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2
E-M54	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E2b	E2b	E2b	E2b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
E-P2	25	III	4	14	Eu3	H2	B	E3*	E3	E1b	E1b1	E3	E3	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1
E-M2	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a*	E3a	E1b1	E1b1a	E3a	E3a	E1b1a	E1b1a	E1b1a	E1b1a1	E1b1a1
E-M58	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a1	E3a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E3a1	E3a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1a1a	E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a2	E3a2	E1b1a2	E1b1a2	E3a2	E3a2	E1b1a2	E1b1a2	E1ba12	removed	removed
E-M149	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a3	E3a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E3a3	E3a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a1a1c	E1b1a1a1c
E-M154	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a4	E3a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E3a4	E3a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a1a1g1c	E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a5	E3a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E3a5	E3a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a1a1d	E1b1a1a1d
E-M10	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a6	E3a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E3a6	E3a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a1a1e	E1b1a1a1e
E-M35	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b*	E3b	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	E3b1	E3b1	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	removed	removed
E-M78	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b1*	E3b1	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a1	E3b1a	E3b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a1	E1b1b1a1
E-M148	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b1a	E3b1a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a1c1	E3b1a3a	E3b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a1c1	E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2*	E3b2	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b1	E3b1b	E3b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a
E-M107	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2a	E3b2a	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a	E3b1b1	E3b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a	E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2b	E3b2b	E1b1b1b2	E1b1b1b1b1	E3b1b2	E3b1b2	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b3*	E3b3	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E3b1c	E3b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1b2a
E-M34	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b3a*	E3b3a	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E3b1c1	E3b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3ba1	E3b3a1	E1b1b1c1a	E1b1b1c1a1	E3b1c1a	E3b1c1a	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
β Underhill 2000
γ Hammer 2001
δ Karafet 2001
ε Semino 2000
ζ Su 1999
η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[17] and subsequent published research.

E-M75 (M75, P68)
- E-M41 (M41/P210)
- E-M98 (M98)
  - E-M54 (M54, M90)
    - E-M85 (M85)
      - E-M200 (M200)
        E-P45 (P45)
        
        E-P258 (P258)

References

^ ^a ^b "E-M75 YTree".
^ ^a ^b ^c Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (July 2019). "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448). Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
^ ^a ^b ^c Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (5 July 2019). "Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448): eaaw6275. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
^ ^a ^b Fleskes, Raquel E.; et al. (2023). "Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina". Anthropology. 120 (3): e2201620120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2201620120. PMC 9934026. PMID 36623185. S2CID 255568252.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Wood et al. (2005)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Cruciani et al. (2002)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Berniell-Lee et al. (2009)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Luis et al. (2004)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Underhill et al. (2000)
^ ^a ^b Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ ^a ^b Stefflova et al. (2009)
^ ^a ^b Hurles Matthew E.; Sykes Bryan C.; Jobling Mark A.; Forster Peter (May 2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (894–901): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC 1199379, PMID 15793703
^ ^a ^b Semino et al. (2004)
^ Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup E-M75
^ Platt, D.E., Artinian, H., Mouzaya, F. et al. Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population. Eur J Hum Genet 29, 581–592 (2021). 10.1038/s41431-020-00765-x
^ Cadenas et al. (2007)
^ Karafet et al. (2008)

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Sources for conversion tables

Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906.
Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597.
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453
Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685.

External links

Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008

[YFull-1] "E-M75 YTree".

[Prendergast-2] Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (July 2019). "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448). Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.

[Prendergast_II-3] Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (5 July 2019). "Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448): eaaw6275. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.

[Fleskes-4] Fleskes, Raquel E.; et al. (2023). "Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina". Anthropology. 120 (3): e2201620120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2201620120. PMC 9934026. PMID 36623185. S2CID 255568252.

[Wood2005-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Wood et al. (2005)

[Cruciani2002-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Cruciani et al. (2002)

[Berniell-Lee2009-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Berniell-Lee et al. (2009)

[Luis2004-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Luis et al. (2004)

[Underhill2000-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Underhill et al. (2000)

[Msaidie2010-10] Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.

[Stefflova2009-11] Stefflova et al. (2009)

[Hurles2005-12] Hurles Matthew E.; Sykes Bryan C.; Jobling Mark A.; Forster Peter (May 2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (894–901): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC 1199379, PMID 15793703

[Semino2004-13] Semino et al. (2004)

[FTDNA-M75-14] Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup E-M75

[15] Platt, D.E., Artinian, H., Mouzaya, F. et al. Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population. Eur J Hum Genet 29, 581–592 (2021). 10.1038/s41431-020-00765-x

[Cadenas2007-16] Cadenas et al. (2007)

[Karafet2008-17] Karafet et al. (2008)

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