The Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft (HAPAG), known in English as the Hamburg America Line, was a transatlantic shipping enterprise established in Hamburg, in 1847. Among those involved in its development were prominent citizens such as Albert Ballin (director general), Adolph Godeffroy, Ferdinand Laeisz, Carl Woermann, August Bolten, and others, and its main financial backers were Berenberg Bank and H. J. Merck & Co. It soon developed into the largest German, and at times the world's largest, shipping company, serving the market created by German immigration to the United States and later, immigration from Eastern Europe. On 1 September 1970, after 123 years of independent existence, HAPAG merged with the Bremen-based North German Lloyd to form Hapag-Lloyd AG.
 HAPAG flag | |
Native name | Hamburg-Amerikanische Paketfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft |
|---|---|
| Industry | shipping |
| Founded | 1847 |
| Founder | Albert Ballin (Director General), Adolph Godeffroy, Ferdinand Laeisz, Carl Woermann, and August Bolten |
| Defunct | 1 September 1970 |
| Fate | Merged with Norddeutscher Lloyd |
| Successor | Hapag-Lloyd |
| Headquarters | Hamburg , Germany |
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History
editPorts served
edit
In the early years, the Hamburg America Line exclusively connected European ports with North American ports, such as Hoboken, New Jersey, or New Orleans, Louisiana. With time, however, the company established lines to all continents. The company built a large ocean liner terminal at Cuxhaven, Germany, in 1900. Connected directly to Hamburg by a dedicated railway line and station, the HAPAG Terminal at Cuxhaven served as the major departure point for German and European immigrants to North America until 1969 when ocean liner travel ceased. Today it serves as a museum and cruise ship terminal.[1]
Atlas Service
editThe Atlas Service sailed from New York to Jamaica, Haiti, Colombia, Central America.[2] The service was described as a way to "escape the rigors of Northern winters" through taking a Caribbean cruise and was promoted to tourists.[2] The ships Altai, Sarnia, Sibiria, Alleghany, Alene, Adirondack, Valdivia, and Graecia provided this service in 1906.[2]
Notable journeys
editIn 1858, its liner Austria sank, killing 449 people. In 1891, the cruise of the Augusta Victoria in the Mediterranean and the Near East from 22 January to 22 March, with 241 passengers including Albert Ballin and wife, is often stated to have been the first passenger cruise. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an illustrated account of it as "Bakschisch". In 1897, its steamer Arcadia was wrecked on the rocks off Newfoundland.[3] In 1900, 1901 and 1903 its liner Deutschland won the Blue Riband taking the prize from the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse. In 1906 Prinzessin Victoria Luise ran aground off the coast of Jamaica. No people died by the grounding; however, the ship's captain committed suicide after getting all the passengers safely off the ship.[4] In 1912, its liner SS Amerika was the first ship to warn Titanic of icebergs.
HAPAG's general director, Albert Ballin, believed that safety, size, comfort and luxury would always win out over speed. Thus he conceived the three largest liners yet to be built, named Imperator, Vaterland and Bismarck.
First World War
editThe Imperator and the Vaterland were briefly in service before the First World War. In 1914, the Vaterland was caught in port at Hoboken, New Jersey at the outbreak of World War I and interned by the United States. She was seized, renamed Leviathan after the declaration of war on Germany in 1917, and served for the duration and beyond as a troopship. In 1917, its liner Allemannia was "torpedoed by German submarine near Alicante"; two people were lost.[5]
Postwar reparations
editAfter the war, the Vaterland/Leviathan was retained by the Americans as war reparations. In 1919 Vaterland's sister ships – Imperator and the unfinished Bismarck – were handed over to the allies as war reparations to Britain. They were sold to the Cunard Line and White Star Line respectively, and renamed Berengaria and Majestic. A ship chain in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey is identified by the historic society as belonging to either the Vaterland or Imperator. It was acquired in 1921, likely during refurbishments, and now lines a portion of the Boulevard.
In 1939, the HAPAG liner St. Louis was unable to find a port in Cuba, the United States, or Canada willing to accept the more than 950 Jewish refugees on board and had to return to Europe. On 9 April 1940, when German warships attacked Kristiansand, Norway, during Operation Weserübung (the opening assault of the Norwegian Campaign), the HAPAG freighter Seattle sailed into the crossfire between the warships and Norwegian coastal artillery. She was holed and sunk, and her crew briefly became prisoners of war.
Later years
editAccording to a 1940 US intelligence report compiled by the US War Department, Louis Classing, general manager of the Hamburg-America in Havana was identified as a "well-known nazi agent" who "imported moving pictures for propaganda purposes to be shown at local theaters".[6][7]
The Hamburg America Line lost almost the entirety of its fleet twice, as a result of World Wars I and II. In 1970, the company merged with its longstanding rival, Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen, to establish the present-day company Hapag-Lloyd.
In the post-war years, HAPAG rebuilt its fleet and focused on cargo container transport. In 1970, the container shipping companies HAPAG and North German Lloyd (NGL) merged into Hapag-Lloyd AG to form one of the world's biggest container shipping companies. In 2008, Hapag-Lloyd was acquired by the City of Hamburg and a group of private investors, the Albert Ballin Consortium.[8]
Fleet list
edit| Name(s) | Entered HAPAG service | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | 1858 | Caught fire and sank, 1 September 1858. |
| Teutonia | 1858 | Sold to Henry Flinn, 1877. Scrapped 1894 as Mentana. |
| Silesia | 1869 | Sold 1887. Wrecked 1899 and subsequently scrapped. |
| Suevia | 1874 | Sold to Schiaffino, Nyer & Siges and renamed Quatre Amis, 1896. Scrapped 1898. |
| Augusta Victoria | 1889 | Rebuilt 1897. Sold to Imperial Russian Navy, 1904, and converted into auxiliary cruiser Kuban. Scrapped 1907 |
| Columbia | 1889
(1899) |
Sold to Spanish Navy, 1898, and converted to auxiliary cruiser Rapido. Sold back to HAPAG and reverted to Columbia, 1899. Sold to Imperial Russian Navy as auxiliary cruiser Terek, 1904. Scrapped 1907. |
| Scandia | 1889 | Sold to US Army Quartermaster Department, 1898, and renamed USAT Warren. Scrapped 1929. |
| Normannia | 1890 | Sold to Spanish Navy, 1898, and renamed Patriota. Scrapped as Compagnie Générale Transatlantique's L'Aquitaine, 1906. |
| Fürst Bismarck | 1891 | Sold to Imperial Russian Navy, 1904, and converted into auxiliary cruiser Don. Scrapped as Regia Marina's San Giusto, 1924 |
| Georgia | 1891 | Sold to Housatonic Steamship Corporation and renamed Housatonic, 1915. Torpedoed and sunk 1917. |
| Sicilia / Stubbenhuk | 1892 | Built 1890 for Hansa Line. Acquired by HAPAG during merger with Hansa. Renamed Sicilia, 1894. Sold to Shinyei Kisen Goshi Kaisha and renamed Komagata Maru, 1913. Wrecked as Kabafuto Kisen KK's Heian Maru, 1926. |
| Persia | 1894 | Sold to British Transport Company and renamed Minnewaska, 1897. Scrapped as USAT Thomas, 1929. |
| Ceres / Suevia | 1896 | Renamed Suevia, 1898. Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Wachusett. Scrapped 1924. |
| Valdivia | 1896 | Built 1886 as Tijuca for Hamburg Süd. Bought by HAPAG and renamed Valdivia, 1896. Sold to Peter R Hinsch of Hamburg and renamed Tom G Corpi. Scrapped as Flandre, 1927. |
| Pennsylvania | 1897 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Nansemond. Scrapped 1924. |
| Arcadia | 1897 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917. Sold to California Steamship Company, 1923. Scrapped 1927 |
| Pretoria | 1898 | Surrendered to US government, 1919, then transferred to British government. Scrapped 1921. |
| Bulgaria | 1898
(1913) |
Sold to Unione Austriaca di Navigazione and renamed Canada, 1913. Returned to HAPAG and reverted to Bulgaria later that same year. Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed USAT Hercules and later USAT Philippines. Scrapped 1924. |
| Titania | 1898 | Built 1879 for Adamson & Ronaldson as Mercedes. Bought by HAPAG from Hamburg Pacific Dampfschiffs Linie. Sold 1898. Sunk as USS Marcellus, 1910. |
| Sibiria | 1898 | Built as Hertha for Kingsin Line, 1894. Sold to HAPAG, 1898. Sold to Atlantic Fruit Company, 1915. Wrecked 1916. |
| Graf Waldersee | 1899 | Laid down as Pavia, but renamed Graf Waldersee during construction. Surrendered to US government, 1919. Transferred to Britain later that year, and scrapped 1922. |
| Patricia | 1899 | Surrendered to US government, 1919. Transferred to Britain later that year, and scrapped 1921. |
| Hamburg | 1899 | Chartered by American Red Cross and renamed Red Cross, 1914. Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and later renamed Powhatan. Scrapped as Dollar Line's President Fillmore, 1928. |
| Saxonia | 1899 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Savannah. Scrapped as Orbis, 1954. |
| Kaiser Friedrich | 1899 | Built 1898 for North German Lloyd. Chartered by HAPAG, 1899. Bought by Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique, 1912. Sunk 1916. |
| Deutschland / Viktoria Luise / Hansa | 1900 | Renamed Viktoria Luise, 1910. Rebuilt and renamed Hansa, 1921. Scrapped 1925. |
| Kiautschou | 1900 | Traded to North German Lloyd, 1904. Caught fire as LASSCO's City of Honolulu, 1930, and subsequently scrapped. |
| Abessinia | 1900 | Interned in Chile in World War I. Wrecked 1921. |
| Prinzessin Victoria Luise | 1901 | Struck reef and sank, 1906. |
| Athen | 1901 | Built 1893 for A. C. de Freitas & Co. Sold to HAPAG, 1901. Sold to Gätjens & Jarke, 1903. Sunk 1906. |
| Arabia | 1901 | Launched as Liddesdale for Mackil R. & Co., 1901. Purchased by HAPAG during construction. Seized by the British, 1919. Wrecked as Andrios, 1926. |
| Moltke | 1902 | Seized by Italian government, 1915. Transferred to Lloyd Sabaudo and renamed Pesaro, 1919. Scrapped 1925. |
| Prinz Eitel Friedrich | 1902 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Otsego. Hulked or scrapped as Far Eastern Steamship Company's Dolinsk, 1955. |
| Blücher | 1902 | Seized by Brazilian government, 1917, and renamed Leopoldina. Sold to Compagnie Générale Transatlantique and renamed Suffren, 1923. Scrapped 1929. |
| Prinz Waldemar | 1902 | Struck reef and sank, 1907. |
| Prinz Sigismund | 1903 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed General W.C. Gorgas. Scrapped as Mikhail Lomonosov, 1958. |
| Prinz Adalbert | 1903 | Seized by Britain, 1914, and used as accommodation ship Prince and later Princetown. Sunk by torpedo as Compagnie de Navigation Sud Atlantique's Alésia, 1917. |
| Prinz August Wilhelm | 1903 | Scuttled 1918. |
| Prinz Oskar | 1903 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917. Renamed Orion. Scrapped 1930. |
| Prinz Joachim | 1903 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Moccasin. |
| Odenwald | 1904 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Newport News. Scrapped 1925. |
| Rhaetia | 1905 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Black Hawk and later Black Arrow. Scrapped 1924. |
| Fürst Bismarck / Friedrichsruh | 1905 | Renamed Friedrichsruh, 1914. Surrendered to Britain, 1919. Sailed under French flag as Amboise. Scrapped 1935. |
| Karlsruhe | 1905 | Sold to Ernst Russ Reederei, 1935. Sunk by air attack, 1945. |
| Präsident | 1905 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed USS Kittery. Scrapped 1933 |
| Amerika | 1905 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and subsequently renamed America, then ceded to United States Mail Steamship Company and later United States Lines. Scrapped as USAT Edmund B. Alexander, 1957. |
| Kronprinzessin Cecilie | 1906 | Seized by British government, 1915, and renamed HMS Princess. Paid off 1917. |
| Kaiserin Auguste Victoria | 1906 | Surrendered to Britain, 1919. Ceded to Canadian Pacific Steamship Company and renamed Empress of Scotland, 1921. Scrapped 1930. |
| Pisa | 1907
(Chartered 1903) |
Built 1896 for Sloman Line. Chartered from Sloman in 1903 before being bought outright by HAPAG in 1907. Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Ascutney. Scrapped 1924. |
| President Lincoln | 1907 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917. Torpedoed and sunk, 1918. |
| President Grant | 1907 | Built 1903 as Servian for Wilson & Furness-Leyland Line. Purchased by HAPAG, 1907. Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917. Renamed Republic, 1920. Transferred to United States Lines, 1924. Scrapped as USAT Republic, 1952. |
| Konig Wilhelm II | 1907 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed USS Madawaska. Scrapped as USS U.S. Grant, 1948. |
| Ypiranga | 1908 | Surrendered to Britain, 1919. Transferred to Anchor Line and renamed Assyria, 1921. Sank en route to scrappers as Colonial, 1950. |
| Corcovado | 1908 | Surrendered to France, 1919. Sold to Italy 1920, to Portugal 1930, and renamed Mouzinho. Scrapped in 1954. |
| Westerwald | 1908 | Seized by Portugal, 1916, and renamed Lima. Scrapped in 1969. |
| Spreewald | 1908 | Captured by the Royal Navy, 1914. Renamed Lucia. Scrapped in 1951. |
| Frankenwald | 1908 | Surrendered to France, 1919, and renamed Tadla. Sold to Turkey, 1934, and renamed Tari. Scrapped in 1967. |
| Cleveland | 1909
(1926) |
Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed USS Mobile. Sailed as King Alexander for Byron Steamship Company and as Cleveland for United American Lines before being transferred back to HAPAG in merger with UAL, 1926. Scrapped 1933. |
| Cincinnati | 1909 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed USS Covington. Torpedoed and sunk 1918. |
| Grunewald | 1912 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed General G. W. Goethals. Sold to Panama Railway Company, 1920. Bought by Munson Steamship Line, 1926, and renamed Munorleans. Scrapped 1936. |
| Wasgenwald / Grunewald | 1912
(1926) |
Sold to Kerr Steamship Company and renamed Shoshone, 1917. Later sailed as USS Shoshone for US Navy and Manoa for Canada Steamship Lines. Bought back by HAPAG and renamed Grunewald, 1926. Scrapped 1933. |
| Imperator | 1913 | Surrendered to US government, 1919. Transferred to Cunard Line and renamed Berengaria, 1921. Sold for scrap, 1938. |
| Bohemia | 1913 | Built 1902 as Iowa for White Diamond Steamship Company. Bought from Furness Withy, 1913. Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Artemis. Transferred to British government and renamed Empire Bittern, 1941. Scuttled as blockship, 1944. |
| Königin Luise | 1913 | Sunk 1914 |
| Vaterland | 1914 | Seized by United States Shipping Board, 1917, and renamed Leviathan. Operated by United States Lines. Sold for scrap, 1937. |
| Vogtland | n/a
(launched 1916) |
Launched 1916. Seized by British Government before she could enter service, 1919. Transferred to New Zealand Shipping Company and renamed Cambridge, 1919. Sunk 1940. |
| Rhineland / Friesland | 1920 | Launched as Rhineland and renamed Friesland during fitting out. Ceded to British government, 1920. Transferred to Federal Steamship Navigation Company and renamed Hertford, 1922. Torpedoed and sunk, 1942. |
| Bismarck | n/a
(launched 1914) |
Launched 1914. Surrendered to British government while incomplete. Transferred to White Star Line and renamed Majestic, 1922. Caught fire as HMS Caledonia, 1939, and subsequently scrapped. |
| Hagen | 1921 | Seized by South African Government, 1939. Transferred to UK and renamed Empire Success. Scuttled 1948. |
| Schwarzwald | 1921 | Sold to H. Vogemann, 1935. Seized by Royal Navy, 1939, and renamed Empire Mariner. Scrapped, 1964 |
| Spreewald / Anubis | 1922 | Renamed Anubis, 1935. Reverted to Spreewald, 1940. Torpedoed and sunk in friendly fire incident, 1942. |
| Spreewald / Anubis | 1922 | Renamed Anubis, 1935. Reverted to Spreewald, 1940. Torpedoed and sunk in friendly fire incident, 1942. |
| Arcadia | 1922 | Sold to Kohlen-Import und Poseidon Schiffahrt and renamed Elbing, 1934. Wrecked as Francisco Morazan, 1960. |
| Ambria | 1922 | Sold to Deutsche Levant Linie, 1928. Scrapped as Malay, 1961. |
| Cattaro | 1922 | Sold to Bugsier Reederei & Bergungs AG, 1930, and renamed Finkenau. Wrecked as Frontier, 1957. |
| Thuringia / General San Martin | 1922 | Chartered by Hamburg Süd, 1934 before being sold outright to them, 1936. Scrapped as Empire Deben, 1955. |
| Albert Ballin / Hansa | 1923 | Renamed Hansa, 1935. Struck a mine and sank, 1945. Raised and refitted by Soviet Union as Sovetsky Soyuz around 1949. Scrapped as Tobolsk, 1982. |
| Deutschland | 1924 | Sunk by air attack, 1945. Wreck raised and scrapped, 1949. |
| Saarland | 1924 | Sold to Japanese Imperial Steamship Co., and renamed Teiyo Maru, 1940. Sunk 1943. |
| William O'Swald / Resolute | 1926
(launched 1914) |
Launched 1915 as HAPAG's William O'Swald. Sold incomplete to Koninklijke Rotterdamsche Lloyd and renamed Brabantia, 1916. Transferred to United American Lines and renamed Resolute, 1922. Re-acquired in merger with HAPAG, 1926. Sold to Italian Line and renamed Lombardia, 1935. Sunk by air raid, 1943, and subsequently scrapped. |
| Reliance / Johann Heinrich Burchard | 1926
(launched 1915) |
Launched 1915 as HAPAG's Johann Heinrich Burchard, then placed in lay-up. Sold to Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd and renamed Limburgia, 1916. Transferred to United American Lines and renamed Reliance, 1922. Re-acquired in merger with HAPAG, 1926. Damaged by fire, 1938, and subsequently scrapped. |
| Gera | 1926 | Launched 1923 for German Australian Line. Acquired by HAPAG, 1926. Seized by Britain and renamed Empire Indus. Sunk as Pan Ocean, 1958. |
| Hamburg | 1926 | Struck a mine and sunk, 1945. Raised by Soviets and converted to whaler Yuri Dolgoruki, 1950-1960. Scrapped 1977. |
| New York | 1927 | Sunk 1945. |
| Oceana | 1927 | Built 1913 as Sierra Salvada. Acquired from Società Servizi Marittimi by HAPAG, and renamed Oceana, 1927. Seized by British and renamed Empire Tarne, 1945. Scrapped as Sibir, 1963. |
| Kulmerland | 1928 | Scuttled 1944. Subsequently raised and scrapped. |
| Seattle | 1928 | Sunk 1940. |
| Palatia | 1928 | Sold to Soviet Union and renamed Khasan, 1940. Captured by Kriegsmarine and reverted to Palatia, 1941. Sunk by air attack, 1942. |
| Milwaukee | 1929 | Surrendered to Britain and renamed Empire Waveney, 1945. Caught fire, 1946, and subsequently scrapped. |
| St. Louis | 1929 | Damaged by air raid, 1944. Subsequently repaired and used as a hotel ship. Scrapped 1952. |
| Kurmark | 1930 | Requisitioned by Kriegsmarine and converted into auxiliary cruiser Orion. Sunk by air raid, 1945. |
| Neumark | 1930 | Requisitioned by Kriegsmarine and converted into auxiliary cruiser Widder. Wrecked as Fechenheim, 1955. |
| Potsdam | n/a
(launched 1935) |
Launched for HAPAG, 1935, before being sold to Norddeutscher Lloyd before completion. Scrapped as Pan-Islamic Steamship Company's Safina-E-Hujjaj, 1976. |
| Antilla | 1939 | Scuttled 1940. |
| Arauca | 1939 | Seized by United States Maritime Commission and contracted to South Atlantic Steamship Company as Sting, 1941. Delivered to US Navy and renamed Saturn, 1942. Scrapped 1972. |
| Orizaba | 1939 | Wrecked off Norway, 1940. |
| Vaterland | n/a
(launched 1940) |
Launched 1940, then laid up incomplete. Heavily damaged in air raid, 1943, and scrapped by 1948. |
| Cuxhaven | 1943 | Seized by United States, 1945. Sunk as Danish-flagged Inger Skou, 1952. |
| Millerntor | 1943 | Seized by British, 1945, and renamed Empire Lune. Scrapped as Sapho I, 1970. |
| Wilhelmshafen | 1943 | Seized by British, 1945, and renamed Empire Douglas. Scrapped as Korsun Shevtshenkovsky, 1972. |
| Homeland | 1951 | Built as Virginian, 1904. Chartered by HAPAG from Home Lines, 1951. Scrapped 1955. |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Hapag Halle Museum Cuxhaven". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
- ^ a b c "Atlas Line Service – Hamburg-American Line – 1905". www.ggarchives.com. GG Archives. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ^ "The Rescue by Rossmore". 26 May 1897.
- ^ "Daily Event for December 16".
- ^ "S/S Allemannia (3), Hamburg America Line". Norway-Heritage. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
- ^ "Cuba: General Conditions – MID 2056-213 Thru 2056-257 (1 of 2)". US National Archives Catalog.
- ^ "Herald and Review from Decatur, Illinois on May 30, 1930". Newspapers.com.
- ^ "About Us". Hapag-Lloyd AG. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014.
External links
edit
- Fleet information (in German)
- The history of the Hamburg-America Line
- Historic photos of Hoboken and Hamburg America Line ports
- Passenger Lists from the Hamburg-Amerika Linie GG Archives
- Hamburg-Amerika Line ships This collection contains 16 photographs depicting ship interior and exterior views of Hamburg-Amerika Line's luxury passenger ships Augusta Victoria, Columbia and Normannia by Louis Koch, Bremen
- Documents and clippings about Hamburg America Line in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Hamburg-American Line History and Ephemera GG Archives