Help:Magic words

This help page is a how-to guide.

It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, and may reflect varying levels of consensus.

Shortcuts

Magic words (including parser functions, variables and behavior switches) are features of wiki markup that give instructions to Wikipedia's underlying MediaWiki software. For example, magic words can suppress or position the table of contents, disable indexing by external search engines, and produce output dynamically based on the current page or on user-defined conditional logic. Some of these features are especially useful for templates.

This page is a quick reference for magic words. For more information, refer to the main MediaWiki documentation:

mw:Help:Magic words: All standard magic words, including the "standard" parser functions.
mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions: Additional parser functions, including conditional expressions.

General information

In general, there are three types of magic words.

Behavior switches: often appear in double underscores, all uppercase, e.g., __NOTOC__. They will change the behavior of a page, rather than return a value.
Parser functions: all in lowercase. A parser function will be followed by colon and pipe-separated parameters, e.g., {{#ifexpr:Y|Yes|No}}, wrapped in double braces. They will take a value and return a value.
Variables: these are all uppercase, e.g., {{PAGENAME}}. A variable will be wrapped in double braces and will return a value in its place.

The software generally interprets magic words in the following way:

Magic words are case sensitive.
White space is generously allowed for readability. It will be stripped from the start and end of their keywords and parameters (as is also done in template calls using named parameters).
They can be transcluded, even variables "about the current page". This is ensured by the parsing order.
Instead of magically transforming into HTML instructions, <nowiki> tags remove this magic so a magic word can itself be displayed (documented), e.g. <nowiki>{{#magic:}}</nowiki>or {{#magic:<nowiki/>}}.

Magic words compared to templates:

As with templates, magic words can be transcluded and substituted.
The names of magic words are purposely chosen to be unlike the names of templates, and vice versa. Many parser function names will begin with a #(pound or hash), but template names will not start with a #, and probably not end in a :(colon), or be all-uppercase.
The first parameter's syntax differs. In {{#magic: p1 | p2 | p3}}, the name is #magicand it is followed by an unspaced :and a required input parameter, p1. With a template, p1is optional and it is preceded by a |(pipe) instead of a :, e.g. {{template|p1}}.

Most magic words can be used in any needed locations on a page; see MOS:ORDER for guidance on where to place magic words that are behavior switches.

Behavior switches

Switch	Description
`__TOC__`	Places the page's table of contents (TOC) at the word's position. This magic word does not work in skins that present the table of contents outside the article content e.g. the default Vector 2022 skin.
`__FORCETOC__`	Forces the TOC to appear in its default position, even when there are fewer than four headings. Can be used anywhere on a page. This magic word does not work in skins that present the table of contents outside the article content e.g. the default Vector 2022 skin.
`__NOTOC__`	Suppresses the appearance of the page's TOC. Can be used anywhere on a page.
`__NOEDITSECTION__`	Hides the "edit" links normally beside all headings on the page. To hide the edit link beside a particular heading, specify the heading using e.g. an HTML tag such as `<h2>heading</h2>` rather than with the usual wiki equals-signs syntax (e.g. `== heading ==` ).
`__ARCHIVEDTALK__`	Hides the "Reply" button
`__NEWSECTIONLINK__`	On non-talk pages, adds a "New section" link as a means to add a new section to the page.
`__NONEWSECTIONLINK__`	Removes the "New section" link (the add-new-section link) on talk pages.
`__NOGALLERY__`	Replaces thumbnails on a category page with normal links.
`__HIDDENCAT__`	Makes a category hidden when included on that category's page.
`__INDEX__`	Instructs search engines to index the page.
`__NOINDEX__`	Instructs search engines not to index the page. See Wikipedia:Controlling search engine indexing.
`__STATICREDIRECT__`	Prevents the link on a redirection page from being updated automatically when the page to which it redirects is moved (and "Update any redirects that point to the original title" is selected).
`__DISAMBIG__`	Marks a page as a disambiguation page, adds it to Special:DisambiguationPages and places inward links in Special:DisambiguationPageLinks. (See mw:Extension:Disambiguator.)
`{{DISPLAYTITLE:title}}`	Used to amend the displayed form of the page's title.
`{{DEFAULTSORT:sortkey}}`	Sets the default key (the index) under which the page is categorised. Functionality is documented at Help:Category § Default sort key, and guidelines are at Wikipedia:Categorization § Sort keys.
`{{NOEXTERNALLANGLINKS}}`	(equivalent to {{NOEXTERNALLANGLINKS:}} ) Suppresses the automated inclusion of Wikidata interlanguage links on the lefthand side of the page. Links to particular rather than all languages may be suppressed by using {{NOEXTERNALLANGLINKS:list}}, where list* a pipe-delimited list of language codes (e.g. {{NOEXTERNALLANGLINKS:fr\|es\|ja}} to suppress the French ("fr"), Spanish ("es") and Japanese ("ja") interlanguage links).

Variables

Shortcut

WP:VAR

Page name variable	Output	Description
`{{FULLPAGENAME}}`	Help:Magic words	Canonical page name. Title line. Title unless letter-case is altered with `{{DISPLAYTITLE}}`.^[a]
`{{PAGENAME}}`	Magic words	Title line excluding namespace.
`{{BASEPAGENAME}}`	Magic words	Title of parent page, excluding namespace.
`{{ROOTPAGENAME}}`	Magic words	Title of topmost parent (before all subpages), excluding namespace.
`{{SUBPAGENAME}}`	Magic words	On a subpage, rightmost portion of current title; higher subpagenames show as backlinks.
`{{ARTICLEPAGENAME}}`	Help:Magic words	Title of the subject page associated with the current page. These are useful on talk pages (but see note about Category talk pages).
`{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}`	Help:Magic words
`{{TALKPAGENAME}}`	Help talk:Magic words	Title of the talk page associated with the current page. Useful on subject pages.
`{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}`	12	Number of the current page's namespace.
`{{NAMESPACE}}`	Help	Namespace of the title.
`{{ARTICLESPACE}}`	Help	On a talk page, the namespace part of the title of the associated subject page.
`{{SUBJECTSPACE}}`	Help
`{{TALKSPACE}}`	Help talk	Namespace of the talk page associated with the current page.
`{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}`, `{{PAGENAMEE}}`, (etc.)	Help:Magic_words, Magic_words, (etc.)	Adding an E to the end of the above variables, renders the above encoded for use in MediaWiki URLs (i.e. with underscores replacing spaces).
`{{SHORTDESC}}`		Only works on the English Wikipedia, where it displays a short description below the article title on mobile platforms. See Wikipedia:Short description.

Note: The magic words above can also take a parameter, in order to parse values on a page other than the current page. A colon (:) is used to pass the parameter, rather than a pipe (|) that is used in templates, like {{MAGICWORD:value}}. For example, {{TALKPAGENAME:Wikipedia:MOS}} returns Wikipedia talk:MOS on any page.

Note: In the "Category" and "Category talk" namespaces, to wikilink (some) page name variables may require prefixing a colon to avoid unwanted categorization.

For more details on parser functions that relate to page names and namespaces, see: meta:Help:Page name § Variables and parser functions.

Site variable	Output	Description
`{{SITENAME}}`	Wikipedia	Site name ($wgSitename).
`{{SERVER}}`	//en.wiki.x.io	Domain URL ($wgServer).
`{{SERVERNAME}}`	en.wiki.x.io	Subdomain and domain name.
`{{ARTICLEPATH}}`	/wiki/$1	Relative article path ($wgArticlePath).
`{{SCRIPTPATH}}`	/w	Relative script path ($wgScriptPath).
`{{STYLEPATH}}`	/w/skins	Relative style path ($wgStylePath).
`{{CURRENTVERSION}}`	1.44.0-wmf.3 (b4aac1f)	Returns current MediaWiki version.

Other variables by type

Current date and time
Universal time		Local-website time
Variable	Output	Variable	Output
`{{CURRENTYEAR}}`	2024	`{{LOCALYEAR}}`	2024
`{{CURRENTMONTH}}`	11	`{{LOCALMONTH}}`	11
`{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}`	November	`{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}`	November
`{{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}}`	Nov	`{{LOCALMONTHABBREV}}`	Nov
`{{CURRENTDAY}}`^[b]	16	`{{LOCALDAY}}`^[b]	16
`{{CURRENTDAY2}}`^[b]	16	`{{LOCALDAY2}}`^[b]	16
`{{CURRENTDOW}}`	6	`{{LOCALDOW}}`	6
`{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}`	Saturday	`{{LOCALDAYNAME}}`	Saturday
`{{CURRENTTIME}}`	17:18	`{{LOCALTIME}}`	17:18
`{{CURRENTHOUR}}`	17	`{{LOCALHOUR}}`	17
`{{CURRENTWEEK}}`	46	`{{LOCALWEEK}}`	46
`{{CURRENTTIMESTAMP}}`^[c]	20241116171852	`{{LOCALTIMESTAMP}}`^[c]	20241116171852

Page revision data
Variable	Output
`{{REVISIONDAY}}`^[b]	14
`{{REVISIONDAY2}}`^[b]	14
`{{REVISIONMONTH}}`	10
`{{REVISIONYEAR}}`	2024
`{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}`^[c]	20241014162437
`{{REVISIONUSER}}`^[d]	Ponor

Wiki statistics
`{{NUMBEROFPAGES}}`	61,850,298
`{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}`	6,911,505
`{{NUMBEROFFILES}}`	929,700
`{{NUMBEROFEDITS}}`	1,253,036,271
`{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}`	48,273,566
`{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}`	852
`{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}`	121,641

Parser functions

Shortcuts

Metadata

Function	Description
`{{PAGEID}}`	Unique page identifier number (for example, this page's ID is `3235121`).
`{{PAGESIZE:fullpagename}}^[e]`	Size of named page in bytes (for example, this page is `36,077` bytes).
`{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:action\|fullpagename}}`	Protection level assigned to action ("edit", "move", etc.) on named page (this page's protection level for "edit" is `autoconfirmed`).
`{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:action\|fullpagename}}`	Protection expiry assigned to action ("edit", "move", etc.) on named page (this page's protection expiry is `infinity`).
`{{PENDINGCHANGELEVEL:fullpagename}}`	Protection level for pending changes on the named page (this page, which doesn't have one, is).
`{{PAGESINCATEGORY:categoryname}}`	Number of pages in the category named categoryname. Each subcategory is counted as one item.
`{{NUMBERINGROUP:groupname}}`	Number of users in the user group named groupname.

Page IDs can be associated with articles via wikilinks (i.e. Special:Redirect/page/3235121goes to this page). To output numbers without comma separators (for example, as "123456789" rather than "123,456,789"), append the parameter |R.

Formatting

Function	Description
`{{lc:string}}`	Converts all characters in string to lower case.
`{{lcfirst:string}}`	Converts first character of string to lower case.
`{{uc:string}}`	Converts all characters in string to upper case.
`{{ucfirst:string}}`	Converts first character of string to upper case.
`{{formatnum:unformatted_number}} {{formatnum:formatted_num \|R}}`	Adds comma separators to an unformatted_number (e.g. 123456789 becomes 123,456,789). To remove such formatting, use `{{formatnum:formatted_number\|R}}` (i.e. `{{formatnum:7,654,321\|R}}`, for example, produces 7654321).
`{{#dateformat:date\|format}} {{#formatdate:date\|format}}`	Formats a date according to user preferences; a default can be given as an optional case-sensitive second parameter for users without date preference; can convert a date from an existing format to any of `dmy`, `mdy`, `ymd`, or `ISO 8601` formats, with the user's preference overriding the specified format.
`{{padleft:xyz\|stringlength}} {{padright:xyz\|stringlength}} {{padleft:xyz\|length\|padstr}} {{padright:xyz\|length\|padstr}}`	Pad with zeroes '0' to the right or left, to fill the given length; an alternative padding string can be given as a third parameter; the repeated padding string (padstr) will be truncated if its length does not evenly divide the required number of characters.
`{{plural:N\|singular\|plural}}`	Outputs singular if N is equal to 1, otherwise outputs plural. See the documentation at mediawiki.org for more details.
`{{#time:format\|object}}` `{{#timel:format\|object}} {{#time:d F Y\|date\|langcode}} {{#timef:object\|format type\|langcode}}`	Used to format dates and times, for ISO format, dots or English month names. `#timel` and `#timefl` are based on local time as defined for each wiki; for English Wikipedia, this is identical to `#time` and `#timef`. The optional 3rd parameter is the output language code (French, German, Swedish: fr, de, sv, etc.). Example Finnish: `{{#time:d F Y\|June 30, 2016\|fi}}` shows: 30 kesäkuu 2016 (June). ISO to German: `{{#time:d. M Y\|1987-10-31\|de}}` shows: 31. Okt. 1987. For format codes, see: mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##time. Use the format `{{#time: H:i, j F Y (e)\|...}}` to match the format used by timestamps in signatures. `#timef` formats a date using a standard format for the selected language, see: mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef.
`{{gender:user\|m_out\|f_out\|u_out}}`	Outputs m_out, f_out or u_out according to whether the gender specified in user 's preferences is, respectively, male, female or unspecified. Other parameter permutations are available, see mw:Help:Magic words#gender and translatewiki:Gender.
`{{#tag:tagname\|content with magic}}`	Only way to evaluate magic words inside a tag, in order to generate `<tagname>magic</tagname>`. Also handles tag attributes. Details at mw:Help:Magic words#tag.

Paths

Function	Description
`{{localurl:fullpagename \|query}}`	Relative path to page name. The query parameter is optional.
`{{fullurl:fullpagename \|query}}`	Absolute path, without protocol prefix (i.e. without " http: " etc.), to page name. The query parameter is optional.
`{{canonicalurl:fullpagename \|query}}`	Absolute path, including protocol prefix, to page name. The query parameter is optional.
`{{filepath:filename}}`	Absolute path to the media file filename.
`{{urlencode:string}}`	Encodes string for use in URL query strings; `{{urlencode:test string}}`, for example, produces: test+string. To encode string for use in URL paths or MediaWiki page names, append, respectively, `\|PATH` or `\|WIKI` (to produce "test%20string" or "test_string").
`{{anchorencode:string}}`	Input encoded for use in MediaWiki URL section anchors.
`{{ns:n}}`	Returns the name of the namespace whose index is the number n. For MediaWiki URLs, use `{{nse:}}`.
`{{#rel2abs:path}}`	Converts a relative file path to an absolute path.
`{{#titleparts:fullpagename\|number\|first segment}}`	Splits the fullpagename (title) into that number of segments.

Conditional

Function	Description
`{{#expr:expression}}`	Evaluates expression (see mw:Manual:Expr parser function syntax).
`{{#if:string \|result1 \|result2}}`	Outputs result2 if string is empty, otherwise outputs result1.
`{{#ifeq:string1\|string2 \|result1 \|result2}}`	Outputs result1 if string1 and string2 are equal (alphabetically or numerically), otherwise outputs result2.
`{{#iferror:test_string \|result1 \|result2}}`	Outputs result1 if test_string generates a parsing error, otherwise outputs result2.
`{{#ifexpr:expression \|result1 \|result2}}`	Outputs result1 if expression is true, otherwise outputs result2.
`{{#ifexist:pagetitle \|result1 \|result2}}^[e]`	Outputs result1 if the page [[pagetitle]] exists, otherwise outputs result2. Note that underscores are needed for spaces in namespaces.
`{{#switch:string \|c1=r1 \|c2=r2 ... \|default}}`	Outputs r1 if string is c1, r2 if string is c2, etc., otherwise outputs default (if provided).

If, in these conditional functions, empty unnamed parameters are to be parsed as empty rather than as text (i.e. as empty rather than as the text "{{{1}}}", "{{{2}}}", etc.), they will require trailing pipes (i.e. {{{1|}}}, {{{2|}}}, etc., rather than {{{1}}}, {{{2}}}, etc.).

For the use of these functions in tables, see Help:Conditional tables.

Other

Function	Description
`{{#babel:code1\|code2\|...}}`	Render userboxes telling your language skills. Improves upon {{Babel}} (an alternative).
`{{#categorytree:category\|...}}`	List pages in a category, recursively.
`{{#coordinates:arg1\|arg2\|...}}`	Save the GeoData coordinates of the subject to the page's database. Used in {{coord}}.
`{{#invoke:module\|function\|arg1\|...}}`	Use Scribunto to transclude a lua template, e.g. function replace in module String.
`{{#language:code1\|code2}}`	Print the name represented by the language code, e.g. en → English. Print in language 2 if given, e.g. `{{#language:en\|zh}}` prints 英语
`{{#lst:}}, {{#lsth:}}, {{#lstx:}}`	Three ways to transclude a section of a page.
`{{#mentor:Username}}`	Display the currently assigned mentor for target Username, if set.
`{{#property:arg1\|arg2\|...}}`	Include a property (Wikidata) from a named entity, instead of the default on the page.
`{{#related:...}}`	Links to similar topics, to engage readers. (Beta feature.)
`{{#section:}}, {{#section-h:}}, {{#section-x:}}`	Aliases for `{{#lst:}}, {{#lsth}}, {{#lstx}}` (above).
`{{#statements:arg1\|...}}`	Display the value of any statement (Wikidata) included in an item.
`{{#target:fullpagename}}`	Send a message to a list of talk pages on the fullpagename, using the MassMessage function.
`{{int:pagename}}`	Transclude an interface message, i.e. a pagename in MediaWiki namespace
`{{!}}`	Used to include a pipe character as part of a template argument or table cell contents. Before this was added as a magic word, many wikis implemented this by creating Template:! with `\|` as the content.
`{{=}}`	Used to include an equal sign as part of a template argument or table cell contents. Before this was added as a magic word, many wikis implemented this by creating Template:= with `=` as the content.

Substituting and nesting

Magic words can sometimes behave weirdly when substituted or nested. It's possible to subst some magic words (so that the page stops being updated if the value of the word changes). Here are some examples of how this works:

?	Code	Output
N	`{{PAGESIZE}}`	0
Y	`{{PAGESIZE:Help:Magic words}}`	36,077
Y	`{{subst:PAGESIZE:Help:Magic words}}`	36,077
Y	`{{PAGESIZE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}`	36,077
N	`{{subst:PAGESIZE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}`	0
Y	`{{PAGESIZE:{{subst:FULLPAGENAME}}}}`	36,077
Y	`{{subst:PAGESIZE:{{subst:FULLPAGENAME}}}}`	36,077

Notes

^ If {{FULLPAGENAME}} is used in a page that is transcluded from another page, it will return the name of the target. {{#invoke:TEMPLATENAME|main}} can be used to determine the name of the template itself.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{LOCALDAY}} and {{REVISIONDAY}} return the day (e.g. "6"), whilst {{CURRENTDAY2}}, {{LOCALDAY2}} and {{REVISIONDAY2}} return the day with zero-padding (e.g. "06"). For all two-digit days (i.e. 10 to 31), these are the same.
^ ^a ^b ^c These timestamp outputs can be formatted with {{Format revisiontimestamp}} (aka {{FRTS}}). For example, {{FRTS|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}}} turns "20241014162437" into "2024-10-14 16:24:37".
^ This shows the last user to edit the page. There is no way to show the user viewing the page with magic words due to technical restrictions.
^ ^a ^b This function is an expensive parser function.

[1] If {{FULLPAGENAME}} is used in a page that is transcluded from another page, it will return the name of the target. {{#invoke:TEMPLATENAME|main}} can be used to determine the name of the template itself.

[daynote-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{LOCALDAY}} and {{REVISIONDAY}} return the day (e.g. "6"), whilst {{CURRENTDAY2}}, {{LOCALDAY2}} and {{REVISIONDAY2}} return the day with zero-padding (e.g. "06"). For all two-digit days (i.e. 10 to 31), these are the same.

[formatstamp-3] These timestamp outputs can be formatted with {{Format revisiontimestamp}} (aka {{FRTS}}). For example, {{FRTS|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}}} turns "20241014162437" into "2024-10-14 16:24:37".

[4] This shows the last user to edit the page. There is no way to show the user viewing the page with magic words due to technical restrictions.

[expensive-5] This function is an expensive parser function.

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[e]

v t e Wikipedia technical help
Get personal technical help at the Teahouse, help desk, village pump (technical), talk pages or IRC.
General technical help	Browser notes Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special Characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help
Special page-related	Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here
Wikitext	Wikitext Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours
Links and diffs	Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs
Media files: images, videos and sounds	Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup
Other graphics	Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax
Templates and Lua modules	Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling
Data structure	Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Template User User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special
HTML and CSS	Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css User CSS for monospaced coding font Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles
Customisation and tools	Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki
Automated editing	AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki
See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts