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Bell H-13 Sioux

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This article is about the military versions of the Bell 47 models. For the civil versions, see Bell 47.

The Bell H-13 Sioux is an American single-engine light helicopter built by Bell Helicopter and manufactured by Westland Aircraft under license for the British military as the Sioux AH.1 and HT.2. It was the first helicopter to be certified for civil use.[2]

H-13 Sioux
An OH-13 over RIAT, 2022
Role Light observation helicopter
National origin United States
Manufacturer Bell Aircraft
Bell Helicopter
First flight 8 December 1945 (Bell 47 prototype)[1]
Status Retired
Primary users United States Army
United States Air Force
United States Navy
British Army [Iran]
Number built At least 2,407
Developed from Bell 47
Variants Bell 201
Developed into Bell 207 Sioux Scout

Development

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In 1947, the United States Army Air Forces (later the United States Air Force) ordered the improved Bell Model 47A. Most were designated YR-13 and three winterized versions were designated YR-13A. The United States Army first ordered Bell 47s in 1948 under the designation H-13. These would later receive the name Sioux.[3]

Initially, the United States Navy procured several Bell 47s, designated HTL-1, between 1947 and 1958. The United States Coast Guard evaluated this model, and procured two HTL-1s for multi-mission support in the New York Harbor. The most common U.S. Navy version of the 47 was designated the HTL-4, and dispenses with the fabric covering on the tail boom. The U.S. Coast Guard procured three HTL-5s in 1952 (similar to the HTL-4 but powered by a Franklin O-335-5 engine) and used these until 1960.[4] The Coast Guard procured two of Bell's Model 47G and designated them HUL-1G in 1959.[4]

The H-13 was one of the principal helicopters used by the U.S. Army during the Korean War, with the H-13D variant being the most prevalent. During the war it was used in a wide variety of roles including observation, reconnaissance, and medivac. From its role in medevac flights, it gained the nickname "Angel of Mercy". It was also used as an observation helicopter early in the Vietnam War, before being replaced by the Hughes OH-6 Cayuse in 1966.

The Bell 47 was ordered by the British Army as the Sioux to meet specification H.240, with licensed production by Westland Helicopters. In order to comply with the terms of its licence agreement with Sikorsky Aircraft, which prevented it building a U.S. competitor's aircraft, Westland licensed the Model 47 from Agusta, who had purchased a license from Bell.[5] the first contract was for 200 helicopters. The first 50 helicopters of the contract were built by Agusta at Gallarate in Italy followed by 150 built by Westland at Yeovil. The first Westland Sioux made its maiden flight on 9 March 1965.[6]

Design

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The Sioux is a single-engine single-rotor three-seat observation and basic training helicopter. In 1953 the Bell 47G design was introduced. It can be recognized by the full "soap bubble" canopy (as its designer Arthur M. Young termed it),[7] exposed welded-tube tail boom, saddle fuel tanks and skid landing gear. In its UH-13J version, based on the Bell 47J, it had a metal-clad tail boom and fuselage and an enclosed cockpit and cabin.

The H-13 and its military variants were often equipped with medical evacuation panniers, one to each skid, with an acrylic glass shield to protect the patient from wind.

The development of the Sioux was helped greatly by Bell's implementation of a short weighted gyro-stabilizer bar at 90° beneath and to the main rotor. It had streamlined counterweights at both tips and was linked so it determined which plane the rotor was in and kept it horizontal.[8] The stabilizer, which was connected to the cyclic pitch control, acted as a hinged flywheel using gyroscopic inertia to keep the rotor blades in plane and independent of fuselage movement due to wind. It ensured that the system had enough inertia due to flight as well, so autorotation would function in case of engine failure.[9]

A single 260 hp Lycoming VO-435 piston engine was fitted to the 47G variant. Fuel was fed from two high-mounted external tanks. A single two-bladed rotor with short inertial stabilising minor blades was used on the Sioux.[6]

Variants

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Military

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An H-13 with med-evac panniers
YR-13
[a] 28 Bell 47A helicopters procured by the United States Army Air Forces for evaluation. The YR-13 was powered by a 175 hp (130 kW) Franklin O-335-1 piston engine. 10 of the aircraft were transferred to the U.S. Navy for evaluation as the HTL-1, with two HTL-1s later transferred to US Coast Guard.[11]
YR-13A
3 YR-13 aircraft winterized for cold-weather testing in Alaska. Redesignated YH-13A in 1948.[12]
HTL-2
US Navy equivalent of the commercial Model 47D. 12 built.[13]
HTL-3
US Navy equivalent of the commercial Model 47E, powered by a 200 hp (149 kW) Franklin 6V4-200-C32 engine. Nine built.
H-13B
65 aircraft ordered in 1948 by the U.S. Army.[12] All Army versions were later named Sioux.
YH-13C
One H-13B used as engineering testbed. Fitted with skid undercarriage and open, uncovered tailboom.[12]
H-13C
16 H-13B aircraft converted to carry external stretchers in 1952, with skid landing gear and open tail boom of YH-13C.[12]
H-13D
Army two-seat version based on commercial model 47D-1, with skid landing gear, stretcher carriers, and Franklin O-335-5 engine. 87 built.[12]
OH-13E
H-13D configuration with three-seat aircraft with dual controls. 490 built.[12]
XH-13F/Bell 201
Modified Bell 47G powered by a Continental XT51-T-3 (Turbomeca Artouste) turboshaft.[12] The first Bell helicopter powered by a turbine engine.
OH-13G
Three-seater based on commercial model 47-G. Introduced a small elevator on the tailboom. 265 delivered to US Army.[14]
OH-13H/UH-13H
Based on 47G-2. Equipped with a 250 hp (186 kW) Lycoming VO-435 engine. At least 453 acquired by US Army.[14] UH-13Hs were used by the U.S. Air Force.
UH-13J
Two Bell 47J-1 Rangers acquired by the U.S. Air Force for VIP transport of the U.S. President. Originally designated H-13J.
OH-13K
Two converted H-13Hs with a larger diameter rotor and a 225 hp (168 kW) Franklin 6VS-335 engine for test evaluation.
TH-13L
Originally designated as the Navy HTL-4.
HTL-5
Utilized a Franklin O-335-5 engine.
TH-13M
Incorporated a small movable elevator. Originally designated as the Navy HTL-6.
HH-13Q
Originally the HUL-1G, it was used by the U.S. Coast Guard for search and rescue.
UH-13R
Powered by an Allison YT63-A-3 turboshaft engine. Original US Navy designation HUL-1M.
OH-13S
Three-seat observation helicopter based on 47G-3B to replace the OH-13H. 265 received by US Army.[14]
TH-13T
Two-seat instrument trainer for the U.S. Army based on the 47G-3B-1, powered by 270 hp (201 kW) Lycoming TVO-435-D1B. 411 purchased.[14]
Sioux AH.1
General purpose helicopter for the British Army, 50 built by Agusta (Agusta-Bell 47G-3B1) and 250 built by Westland (Westland-Agusta-Bell 47G-3B1).[15] A small number also used by 3 Commando Brigade Air Squadron of the Royal Marines.
Sioux HT.2
Training helicopter for the Royal Air Force, 15 built by Westland.
Texas Helicopter M74 Wasp
Texas Helicopter Corporation single-seat conversion of OH-13E helicopters for agricultural use, powered by 200 hp (150 kW) Lycoming TVO-435-A1E engines. Certified 1976.[16]
Texas Helicopter M74A
Texas Helicopter Corporation single-seat conversion of OH-13H helicopters for agricultural use, powered by Lycoming TVO-435 engine rated at 240 hp (180 kW) for 2 minutes. Certified 1977.[16]
Texas Helicopter M79S Wasp II
Texas Helicopter Corporation conversion for agricultural use, with tandem seating and stub wing fuel tanks. Powered by Lycoming TVO-435 engine rated at 270 hp (200 kW) for 5 minutes.[16]
Texas Helicopter M79T Jet Wasp II
Texas Helicopter Corporation conversion of Bell 47G helicopters for agricultural use, powered by 420 hp (310 kW) Soloy-Allison 250-C20S engines.

Operators

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Australian Army A1 Bell 47G Sioux (A1-398) used for training at RAAF Base Wagga.
  Argentina
  Australia
  Austria
  Brazil
  Canada
  Chile
  Colombia
  Cuba
  Ecuador
  France
  Germany
 
A Maltese Air Wing H-13
  Greece
  Honduras
  Iceland
  Indonesia
  India
  Italy
  Jamaica
  Japan
  Malaysia
  Malta
  Mexico
 
A RNZAF Sioux in 2009
  New Zealand
  Norway
  Paraguay
  Pakistan
  Peru
  Philippines
  Senegal
  South Vietnam
  • South Vietnam Air Force operated several helicopters since April 1956.
    • 1st Helicopter Squadron
    • 2nd Helicopter Squadron
  South Yemen
  Spain

  Sri Lanka

  Taiwan
  Thailand
  Turkey
 
Agusta Sioux AH.1 of the British - Historic Army Aircraft Flight.
  United Kingdom
  United States
  Uruguay
  Venezuela
  Zambia

Surviving aircraft

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Canada

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Germany

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New Zealand

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Pakistan

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South Africa

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South Korea

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An H-13 on display at the War Memorial of Korea in Seoul.

Spain

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Taiwan

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Thailand

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United Kingdom

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Airworthy

On display

United States

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An H-13 in M*A*S*H paint scheme at Pueblo Museum.
 
OH-13 at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum
Airworthy
OH-13H
TH-13T
On display
H-13B
  • 48-0796 – South Carolina Military Museum in Columbia, South Carolina. It is the first H-13B airframe, serial number 101, and came off the production line in mid-July 1948.[71][72]
H-13D
OH-13D
OH-13E
OH-13G
H-13H
OH-13H
UH-13H
OH-13S
TH-13T
HTL-2
HTL-4
HTL-6
HTL-7
Unknown

Specifications (Sioux AH.1)

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3-view line drawing of the Bell YR-13
 
3-view line drawing of the Bell H-13G Sioux

Data from Newark Air Museum,[102] Britains Small Wars.[103]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Capacity: 3
  • Length: 31 ft 7 in (9.63 m)
  • Height: 9 ft 8 in (2.95 m)
  • Gross weight: 2,952 lb (1,339 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming TVO-435-A1A six-cylinder, horizontally opposed piston, 260 hp (190 kW)
  • Main rotor diameter: 37 ft 0 in (11.28 m)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 105 mph (169 km/h, 91 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 84 mph (135 km/h, 73 kn)
  • Range: 273 mi (439 km, 237 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 16,100 ft (4,900 m)

Armament
Twin .30 in (7.62 mm) Machine guns[b]

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The H-13 has appeared, and played key roles, in many film and television productions. It has been associated with both the M*A*S*H TV series (1972–1983) and the film of the same name (1970), prominently featuring the H-13 in its opening credits, and played a central role in the series finale, which still holds the record as the highest rated single episode broadcast in America.[105][106] The series helped popularize the H-13 as the helicopter most people now associate with the Korean War.[107] The H-13 also played a key role in the Whirlybirds TV series (1957–1959).[108][109]

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

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  1. ^ In the military of the United States, the Bell 47 carried several designations prior to 1962. R-13 was the first designation by the United States Army Air Forces, while the Navy designated their training version as HTL. In 1948, the United States Air Force changed the designation to H-13 which was also adopted by the Army, adding the name Sioux. The Navy and Coast Guard designated utility models as HUL. In 1962, under a joint designation system created by the Department of Defense, the designations for all of the helicopters were changed to a mission symbol followed by the vehicle type designator creating a two-letter prefix (OH, UH, XH, etc.), but the Bell 47 retained its original series number, 13 and the Army's popular name. To denote different models, a letter suffix was appended to the designation.[10]
  2. ^ The OH-1 was capable of carrying twin M37C .30 caliber machine guns, or twin M60 machine guns.[104] They rarely did so however, because according to a Military Channel documentary on the AH-1 attack helicopter ("World's Deadliest Aircraft" series), the guns' recoil was too great a strain on the engines.

References

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Footnotes

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  4. ^ a b Pearcy, Arthur (1989). A History of Coast Guard Aviation. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-261-3.
  5. ^ James 1991, p. 55
  6. ^ a b c "westland sioux — Helicopter Database". Retrieved 2009-01-17.
  7. ^ Arthur M. Young. Arthur Young on the Helicopter (Part 2) (YouTube) (YouTube). Arthur M. Young. Event occurs at 10:15 to 11:45. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved April 8, 2016. I thought the bubble was a great idea, and we tried it. It consisted of taking a large sheet of Plexiglas, and a plywood form, cut for the final dimension for the outside of the bubble, then heating the Plexiglas, putting it under the plywood form, letting air pressure come up through the middle, and it would blow just like a soap bubble. And, then we had a gauge saying how far to blow, and when it reached that point, we turned off the air pressure.
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  11. ^ Pelletier 1992, pp. 63, 70, 72
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Harding 1990, p. 30
  13. ^ Pelletier 1992, p. 72
  14. ^ a b c d Harding 1990, p. 31
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Bibliography

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