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Wooden fish

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A wooden fish, also known as a Chinese temple block, wooden bell, or muyu, is a type of woodblock that originated from China that is used as a percussion instrument by monks and lay people in the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism.[1][2][3][4] They are used in Buddhist ceremonies in China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other Asian countries. They may be referred to as a Chinese block, Korean block or, rarely, as a skull.[5]

Wooden fish
Wooden fish
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese木魚
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinmùyú
Tibetan name
Tibetanཤིང་ཉ།
Transcriptions
Wylieshingnya
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetmõ
Chữ Nôm楳
Korean name
Hangul목어
Hanja木魚
Japanese name
Kanji木魚
Kanaもくぎょ
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburnmokugyo
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡨᠣᡴᠰᡳᡨᡠ
Romanizationtoksitu

Wooden fish often used in rituals usually involving the recitation of sutras, mantras, or other Buddhist texts. In Chan Buddhism, the wooden fish serve to maintain rhythm during chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, they are used when chanting the name of Amitabha.

Wooden fish come in many sizes and shapes, ranging from 150 millimetres (5.9 in), for laity use or sole daily practice, or to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) for usage in temples. Wooden fish are often (in Chinese temples) placed on the left of the altar, alongside a bell bowl, its metal percussion counterpart. Wooden fish often rest on a small embroidered cushion to prevent unpleasant knocking sounds caused from the fish lying on the surface of a hard table or ground, as well as to avoid damage to the instrument.

Mythical origins

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A mendicant with a "wooden fish" (sitting in the middle, with a big hat), drawn by Johan Nieuhof (Description générale de la Chine 1665) between 1655 and 1658

There are many tales associated with its invention. One Buddhist legend says that a monk went to India to acquire sutras but on his way he found the way blocked by a wide, flooded river. A fish offered to carry the monk across the river because it wanted to atone for a crime it had committed when it was a human. Its simple request was that on the monk's way to obtain sutras, he should ask the Buddha to guide the fish on a method to attain Bodhisattvahood. The monk agreed to the fish's request and continued his quest. On his return to China after 17 years with the scriptures, he came upon the flooded river. The same fish asked the monk if he had made the request to Buddha but the monk said he had forgotten. The furious fish splashed him into the river. A passing fisherman saved the drowning monk but all the sutras had been lost in the river. Filled with anger at the fish, the monk made a wooden effigy of a fish head which he beat with a wooden hammer. To his surprise, each time he hit the wooden fish, it made the sound of a Chinese character. He became so happy that he beat the wooden fish regularly. After a few years the monk had got back the lost scriptures he had lost to the flood from the mouth of the wooden fish.[6]

Usage

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A Korean monk playing a mogeo

Traditional versions

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The original type of wooden fish is in the shape of a dragon-fish hybrid creature. Along with a large temple bell and drum, It is found suspended in front of Buddhist monasteries. When proceeding with various duties (such as eating, lectures, or chores), a monk and a supervisor utilize the instrument to call all monastics to go to their tasks. Historically, this was the first wooden fish developed, which gradually evolved into the round wooden fish used by modern Buddhists.

The instrument is carved with fish scales on its top, and a carving of two fish heads embracing a pearl on the handle (to symbolize unity), hence the instrument is called a wooden fish for that reason. In Buddhism the fish, which never sleeps, symbolizes wakefulness. Therefore, it is to remind the chanting monks to concentrate on their sutra[7] where recitation of texts is necessary[2] and the sound symbolizes wakeful attention.[2] It can also symbolize wealth and abundance.[2] At funerals, the processions walk in a slow and unison rhythm while sounding wooden fishes.[2] Other purposes include prayers for rain.[2] In Confucianism, the wooden fish is struck at specific intervals to signify certain stages of ceremonies at temple.[2] In Buddhism, it is struck during chants of Buddha's name.[2]

In Korean Buddhism, wooden fish have seen broader use. Two separate words are used in Korean to distinguish different types of wooden fish. Moktak (hangeul: 목탁; hanja: 木鐸) refers to a smaller-sized, hand-held variant, whereas mogeo (hangeul: 목어; hanja: 木魚) means a full-sized piece that resembles a fish or dragon, with a hollow core. Moktak, a small version of mogeo (wooden fish), can come with ornaments, or not, and is more oblong in shape. It has a handle for easy carrying during portable uses. Mogeo are usually hung from the ceiling and played with two sticks drummed from the hollowed-out bottom.

In Japan, wooden fish are called mokugyo (kanji: 木魚; hiragana: もくぎょ), and some huge specimens found in Buddhist temples weigh more than 300 kg.

The Vietnamese name for the wooden fish is mõ (chữ Nôm: 楳), and the Manchu name is toksitu (ᡨᠣᡴᠰᡳᡨᡠ).

Modern types

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The most common ones in use remain the traditional instruments that are round in shape and often made out of wood. However, other materials are now used as well such as composite plastic. All instruments are hollow with a ridge outside that provide the hollow sound when struck. The hollow tone differs among wooden fish because of their size, material, and the size of its internal hollow. Often the mallet used to strike the fish has a rubber coated tip to provide a muffled, but clear sound when struck. A simplified form is given in the temple block.

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    Moktak, a Korean variant of wooden fish
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    Mogeo at Bogwangsa, Paju, South Korea
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    Mogeo on the bell tower at Buseoksa, Yeongju, South Korea
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    Mogeo at Bomunsa, Incheon, South Korea
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    Intricate carvings on this huge mokugyo, over 3-foot (0.91 m) wide.
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    One of the largest wooden fish in the world, located at Hasedera in Kamakura, Japan
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    An original type of wooden fish at Manpuku-ji, Uji, Japan
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    Head of the wooden fish at Manpuku-ji, Uji, Japan
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    The wooden fish at Shofukuji, Nagasaki, Japan
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    Mõ at Bút Tháp Temple, Bắc Ninh, Vietnam
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    Wooden fish in a temple in Tây Ninh, Vietnam
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    Mõ in Vĩnh Nghiêm Buddhist monastery, HCMC, Vietnam
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    Mõ at Xá Lợi Temple, District 3, HCMC, Vietnam
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    Mokugyos on stage, Yotsuya, Japan

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Beck, John H. (2007). Encyclopedia of Percussion (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-415-97123-2. OCLC 71632274.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Blades, James (1992). Percussion Instruments and Their History. Westport: Bold Strummer. p. 115. ISBN 9780933224612.
  3. ^ Adato, Joseph; Judy, George (1985). The Percussionist's Dictionary: Translations, Descriptions and Photographs of Percussion Instruments from Around the World. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 9781457493829.
  4. ^ Museum, National Palace (2013-06-01). "Origins and Developments of the Lingnan School of Painting_Monk and Wooden Fish Drum". National Palace Museum. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  5. ^ Blades, James (1992). Percussion Instruments and Their History. Bold Strummer. p. 391. ISBN 9780933224612.
  6. ^ "The Legend of the Wooden Fish". en.chinaculture.org. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  7. ^ "Mokugyo: Drumming for a Wakeful Mind with the Wooden Fish Drum's Unique Sound". Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation. 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
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