Wikipedia

List of racing cyclists and pacemakers with a cycling-related death

(Redirected from Gwen Inglis)


The first documented deaths of competitive cyclists during competition or training date to the 1890s and early 1900s when the recently-invented safety bicycle made cycling more popular, both as a sport and as a mode of transport.[1] The athletes listed here were either professional cyclists, professional pacemakers or well-known competitive amateurs who had a cycling-related death, mostly during a race or during training. Pacemakers are motorcyclists utilized in motor-paced racing, riding motorcycles in front of their cycling teammates to provide additional speed to those cyclists via the resulting slipstream.[2]

A lineup of men on bicycles
Parc des Princes Velodrome,
site of Breton's 1902 death
(c. 1900 postcard)
A cyclist/pacemaker team circa 1903
The cyclist Paul Dangla and his pacemaker teammate Marius Thé in the Vélodrome d'Hiver (c. 1903)

Safety has been a concern since cycling's early days. By 1929, at least 47 people had died while racing at velodromes – 33 cyclists and 14 pacemakers.[3][Note 1] Motor-paced cycling still exists in the modern era as keirin racing and derny racing. A number of professionals and competitive amateurs have been killed in crashes with motorized vehicles while training on public roads plus there is a growing number of cyclists who have died of heart attacks while cycling in a race or while training.[6] Some of these deaths affect cycle racing afterwards – the death of Andrey Kivilev in a crash during the 2003 Paris–Nice race caused the Union Cycliste Internationale to institute a mandatory helmet rule.

The dangers of the various sporting forms of cycling continue to be an issue,[7] including training on public roadways.[8] A survey of 2008 Olympics teams, however, indicated that cycling was not even in the top six most injury-prone sports during competition that year.[9] Racing cyclists who have died during a race or during training are remembered by cycling aficionados and the cycling press. Their personal effects are exhibited in museums,[10] their cemetery markers and tombstones are visited by fans, and as one commentator wrote: "Plaques, statues and shrines to cycling's fallen heroes are scattered all over Europe's mountain roads, turning any ride into a pilgrimage."[11]

Cyclists who died during a race or because of a crash that happened during a race

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Cyclists who died during a race
Name Image Competitive status Date of death Nationality Location of death and additional information
Pierre Froget
—
 Track cyclist August 21, 1894   France Crashed at the Velodrome in Vichy while tandem racing as a track cyclist. Died six days later at the age of 21, was the first death in a cycling crash on a French track.[12]
Bert Harris
—
 Track cyclist (professional) April 21, 1897   United Kingdom While participating in a race at Aston on Easter Monday of 1897 Harris' cycle touched another rider and he was upset head-first onto the track's surface. Harris died a few days later, never having regained consciousness. Tens of thousands of mourners lined the streets of Leicester for his funeral procession.[13][14][15][16][17][18]
Muller
—
 Pacemaker 1899   German Empire Due to a fall during a competition on the winter track in Hamburg, Muller died directly at the scene. Kocher, the cyclist of the pacemaker, decided to quit cycling.[19]
Harry Miles
William Stafford
—
 Pacemakers May 31, 1900   United States During a race at the Waltham, Massachusetts track, four tandem-motorcycles crash. Pacemakers Miles and Stafford, both 25 years old, are killed in the crash.[19][20]
Oscar Aaronson [Note 3]
—
 Track cyclist December 22, 1900   Sweden Injured during December 16, 1900 competitors' crash at the New York City/Madison Square Garden Six-Day Race.[21][22][23] Died on the 22nd from aftereffects of the crash, from exhaustion and pneumonia.[24]
Johnny Nelson
—
 Track cyclist September 6, 1901   USA Nelson was a professional cyclist originally from Chicago. On September 4, 1901 he was in a 15-mile match race with Jimmy Michael at Madison Square Garden. Two miles into the race a tire on Nelson's pacemaker's vehicle exploded. Nelson then collided with the vehicles of both his pacemaker and Michael's pacemaker. Nelson's leg was badly lacerated in the crash and he suffered a massive blood loss. He died two days later in Bellevue Hospital.[25][26]
Charles Kerff
—
 Road cyclist May 18, 1902   Belgium Kerff crashed during the French cycling classic Marseille–Paris in which his brother Marcel also participated. The cause was unknown but Kerff had no visible injuries and was unconscious immediately after the crash. He was taken to the hospital in Aix-en-Provence but was dead on arrival.[27]
Harry Elkes   Track cyclist May 30, 1903   United States Died in a crash at Charles River Track in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[28][29][3] Held the world record for "paced-cycle racing" during most of his career and just prior to his fatal crash had achieved a new 5 Miles World Record (going that distance in 6 minutes, 12 1/5 seconds)[28] as well as achieving world's records for 10 and 15 miles.[30] Major Taylor in his autobiography called Elkes "one of the greatest middle-distance riders that ever pedalled a bicycle."[31]
Alfred Görnemann   Track cyclist October 11, 1903   German Empire Collided with his pacemaker during an October 11, 1903 race on the Dresden track and died that evening.[32][33]
Jules Oreggia
—
 Track cyclist May 15, 1904   France Died during a stayers race at the Marseille velodrome[34][35]
Pilack
—
 Track cyclist, pacemaker June 16, 1904   German Empire Died at the track while acting as a pacemaker during a race[32][19]
Paul Dangla   Track cyclist June 1904[Note 4]   France Died from injuries he received in a crash on a track at Magdeburg, Germany.[39][38]
Karl Käser   Track cyclist August 14, 1904   German Empire Was killed during a paced race between himself and Thaddeus Robl at the Plauen track in Saxony, Germany. Was utilizing a 24-inch tire on a 22-inch wheel and in the moments before his fatal crash Käser had just pushed back his safety helmet.[40][Note 5][41][42][Note 6]
George Leander   Track cyclist August 23, 1904   United States Died as a result of injuries during a race at the Parc des Princes track (or velodrome) in Paris. Had been going 92 kmh/57 mph at the time.[3][42][43][44]
Jimmy Michael   Road & Track cyclist November 1904   United Kingdom Died November 20, 1904[45] as a result of the injuries he received in a crash at a Berlin track a year or two before[Note 7] where his skull was fractured.[19][46] It is thought that Michael probably had some kind of brain damage from the fall, as afterwards he suffered from severe headaches,[32] had partial paralysis of his face, and had lapses of memory. Michael was en route from the UK to the United States on the ocean steamer "Savoie". The night before he died Michael complained of feeling sick and nauseous, telling the ship's doctor that his symptoms were the result of the Berlin track crash.[45][48] Some sources state he died from alcoholic delirium tremens[49] or a brain hemorrhage.[3]
Charles Albert Brécy   Track cyclist November 25, 1904   France Crashed into his pacemaker's motorcycle when the engine failed, died eleven days later. The crash occurred during an attempt to break the Paced Hour Record (meaning how much distance could be achieved within an hour) at the Parc des Princes velodrome.[50][51][Note 8]
Hubert Sevenich   Track cyclist May 7, 1905   German Empire Sevenich's sixth stayer competition as a professional was the Grand Prix of Brunswijk on 7 May 1905. During the race a pacer's motorcycle collided with others on the track and Sevenich was crushed to death against the track's guardrail.[52][53][54][55][19]
Willy Schmitter   Track cyclist September 18, 1905   German Empire Suffered a skull fracture in a crash during the European Championship at the Leipzig track and died a few hours afterwards[56][57]
Gustav Freudenberg   Track cyclist April 29, 1906   German Empire Collided with a pacemaker's motorcycle at the track in Magdeburg. An artery in his right leg was torn open and he died at the track as a result of his injuries.[58][59]
Richard Huhndorf   Track cyclist (amateur) & Stayer July 22, 1906   German Empire Fatally injured during a 100 km race, the Kleinen Golden Rad von Halle[60][61]
Charles Péguy   Track cyclist, pacemaker June 9, 1907   France Died in a crash on the Spandau Track in Berlin.[62][63]
Louis Mettling   Track cyclist June 21, 1907   United States Died in his sleep on June 21 as a result of a crash during a 50-mile pace-following race on the Dresden track June 9, 1907[64][65][66]
Josef Schwarzer   Pacemaker August 30, 1907   German Empire Düsseldorf track[67]
Moritz Hübner   Track cyclist (amateur) October 13, 1907   German Empire During "Die Goldpokal", a 100 km stayers' race, Hübner fell to the track when his pacing motorcycle broke down, then was fatally injured when a succeeding cycle ran over his body.[68][69]
Gustav Schadebrodt   Track cyclist October 22, 1907   German Empire Died in a crash at the Brandenburg track with his brother Otto as pacemaker. The two Schadebrodt brothers were a team, Otto Schadebrodt the pacemaker riding a motorcycle in front and Gustav riding his bicycle behind.[70][71]
Ernst Wolf   Pacemaker October 29, 1907   German Empire While standing at the edge of the Dresden Track, Wolf was run over by a fellow pacemaker.[72]
Karel Verbist   Track cyclist July 21, 1909   Belgium Verbist collided with his pacemaker's (Constant Ceurremans') motorcycle on the Bruxelles track.[73][74][75] Verbist is the subject of a macabre Flemish folk-poem... "Chareltje, Chareltje Verbist, hadt ge niet gereden op de pist(e), hadt ge niet gelegen in de kist."[76] which roughly translates to "Verbist, if you hadn't ridden your bike, you may not have ended up in a coffin."
Fritz Theile   Track cyclist June 4, 1911   German Empire Zehlendorf Velodrome[77]
Hans Bachmann
—
 Pacemaker 1913   German Empire Velodrome Hall[78]
Hans Lange
—
 Track cyclist 1913   German Empire Velodrome Hall[78]
August Kraft
—
 Track cyclist July 25, 1913   German Empire Strasbourg, France[79]
Richard Scheuermann   Track cyclist September 8, 1913   German Empire Killed almost instantly during a 100-kilometer event on the Cologne track. Gus Lawson, Paul Guignard's pacemaker, lost control of his pacemaking motorcycle when the back tire blew out. Emil Meinhold, Scheuermann's pacemaker, then collided – at 50 mph on his motorcycle – straight into the wreckage.[80][81] Scheuermann and Lawson were both killed almost instantly. Meinhold was mistakenly reported in the newspapers of the day to have died (which error has been repeated in modern references[82]) but he recovered from his injuries and was involved in the cycling world for many years afterwards.[83][84]
Gus Lawson   Pacemaker September 8, 1913   United States Killed immediately in a multi bicycle–motorcycle crash on the Cologne track during a 100-kilometer event.[81] (See Richard Scheuermann 'Notes' above)
Max Hansen
—
 Track cyclist October 12, 1913   German Empire Berlin Velodrome Stadium[78]
Piet van Nek Sr.[Note 9]   Track cyclist April 14, 1914   Netherlands Injured and died as a result of a tire blow-out on the Leipzig track during the inaugural Grote Oostprijs, a 100+ km race. van Nek's Amsterdam artistic gravesite marker is a well-known monument in Amsterdam.[85]
Willy Hamann
—
 Track cyclist July 21, 1914   German Empire Treptow track. The crash occurred on July 15, Hamann died six days later in hospital.[86]
Max Bauer
—
 Pacemaker 1917   German Empire Treptow track[87]
Jacob Esser
—
 Track cyclist July 8, 1917   German Empire Died shortly after a crash at the Düsseldorf Germany track that happened when one of his tires blew out[88][89]
Louis Darragon   Track cyclist April 28, 1918   France Died in a crash on the track of the Vélodrome d'Hiver Paris.[90]
Peter Günther   Track cyclist October 7, 1918   German Empire Günther died the day after an October 6 crash at a track in Düsseldorf. He was involved in a collision with his pacemaker's motorcycle after the motorcycle's rear tire burst.[91][92]
Hans Schneider
—
 Track cyclist January 1920   Weimar Republic [93]
Emanuel Kudela   Track cyclist September 22, 1920   Weimar Republic Olympia track, Berlin[94]
Christian Oorlemans[Note 10]
—
 Pacemaker August 22, 1922   Netherlands Died in a crash during a track race at Amsterdam's "Het Stadion". Thousands attended Oorlemans' funeral procession.[95][96]
Walter Ebert
—
 Track cyclist June 1, 1924   Weimar Republic Magdeburg track[97]
Gustave Ganay   Track cyclist August 23, 1926   France Stayer. Died from a fall at the Parc des Princes.[98] The crash was immortalized by Ernest Hemingway in A Moveable Feast with "where we saw that great rider Ganay fall and heard his skull crumple under the crash helmet as you crack an hard-boiled egg against a stone to peel it on a picnic."[99]
Franz Krupkat
—
 Track cyclist June 1, 1927   Weimar Republic Leipzig track[100]
Ernst Feja
—
 Track cyclist June 1, 1927   Weimar Republic Crashed while training on the concrete track at Oerlikon in Zurich[101][102]
Constant Ceurremans
—
 Pacemaker June 18, 1931   Belgium /
  Netherlands 		Died in a crash on the track at Cologne. Also involved in Karel (Charles) Verbist's fatal crash in 1909[74][5]
Werner Krüger   Pacemaker July 21, 1931   Weimar Republic Died after a fall on the Cologne-Riehl track during a stayer race, while riding as a pacemaker for Emil Thollembeek[103] Was a survivor of the 1909 Friedenau disaster.[5]
Georg Pawlack[Note 11]
—
 Track cyclist June 10, 1933   Nazi Germany Run over by a pacemaker after his bicycle slipped on a rain-soaked track[104]
Georges Lemaire   Road cyclist September 29, 1933   Belgium Died in a crash during the Belgian club championship road race in Uccle, Belgium.[105][Note 12][106]
Emil Richli
—
 Track cyclist May 13, 1934    Switzerland Track championships[107]
Francisco Cepeda
—
 Road cyclist July 14, 1935   Spain Tour de France. "Fell down a ravine near Bourg-d'Oisans",[108] died while making the Col du Galibier descent.[109]
Giulio Bartali
—
 Road cyclist (amateur) June 14, 1936   Italy Brother and training partner of 1938 and 1948 Tour de France winner Gino Bartali. Giulio and Gino Bartali were participating in a regional championship race in Florence, the Targa Chiari, when a car drove onto the course and mowed Giulio down. He died two days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.[110]
Len Johnson
—
 Track and Road cyclist (amateur) August 8, 1936   Australia Melbourne to Sale Race. Johnson was riding on the Princes Highway, when he slowed due to a puncture and was hit by a truck laden with timber.[111]
Stefan Veger
—
 Track cyclist November 1936   Netherlands Track Gent[112]
André Raynaud   Track cyclist March 1937   France A world champion stayer, Raynaud died during an Antwerp Sportpaleis track race.[74][113]
Adrien Buttafochi   Road cyclist July 6, 1937   France As he was descending the Col Esteret pass during the Grand Prix d'Antibes, Buttafocchi crashed into a wayward vehicle driving up the hill. He lingered in a coma for a few days before dying.[114][115]
Hefty Stuart
—
 Road & Track cyclist December 9, 1938   Australia Riding in a motor pacing event, Walter "Hefty" Stuart's front tire blew out, causing him to fall and he was run over by a following pacing motorcycle. Stuart died in hospital two weeks later.[116]
Jean Alavoine   Road cyclist July 18, 1943   France Alavoine's professional career lasted from 1908 until 1925, he won 17 Tour de France stages along the way. In 1943 at the age of 55 he died during a veterans race in Argenteuil.[117][118][119]
Richard Depoorter
—
 Road cyclist June 16, 1948   Belgium Crashed into a tunnel wall on a descent of the Sustenpas near Bern,[120] during the Tour of Switzerland, died onsite or shortly thereafter of his injuries.[121][122][123]
Léon Level   Road & Track cyclist March 26, 1949   France Fractured his skull in a crash and died at the Parc des Princes track in Paris.[124][125][126]
Paul Chacque
—
 Road & Track cyclist September 1949   France Died when he fractured his skull during a race at the "Parc des Princes" track in Paris[124]
Paul Kroll
—
 Road, Track cyclist (professional) November 8, 1949   Germany Died in a crash during a Berlin 1000 laps race at the Funkturm track[127][Note 13]
Gerard van Beek   Road cyclist March 15, 1951   Netherlands Died of a skull fracture suffered during the Berlin Six-Day race held in March[128][129][Note 14]
Camille Danguillaume   Road cyclist June 26, 1951   France Killed in collision with press motorcycle during Critérium International (Championship of France)[131][132][133]
Serse Coppi
—
 Road cyclist (professional) June 29, 1951   Italy Crashed near the end of the 1951 Tour of Piedmont (aka "Tour du Piedmont" and "Giro del Piemonte") on June 28. Finished race but then died the next day.[134][135]
Rudi Mirke
—
 Road cyclist (professional) December 10, 1951   Germany Berlin Six Day. Died after falling during the race.[136][Note 14]
Orfeo Ponsin
—
 Road cyclist (professional) May 20, 1952   Italy Crashed in the fourth stage of the 1952 Giro d'Italia. Died in hospital that evening.[137][138]
Erich Metze
—
 Road, Track cyclist July 28, 1952[Note 15]   Germany Metze suffered three skull fractures during his long career, which stretched from 1930 until 1952. The last one was fatal and occurred during a race on the Erfurt cycle track.[141][143]
Stan Ockers   Road, Track cyclist cyclist (professional) October 1, 1956   Belgium During a track race at the Sportpaleis Antwerp, the 1955 road race world champion didn't see that Ernest Sterckx had returned to the track after a mechanical failure. Ockers looked back and drove full into his opponent. He fell into a coma and died 2 days later.[144][145][Note 16]
Joaquín Polo
—
 Road cyclist (professional) August 4, 1958   Spain Died of heatstroke during the 1958 Tour of Portugal[108][147]
Raúl Motos
—
 Road cyclist (professional)   Spain
Russell Mockridge   Road cyclist (professional) September 13, 1958   Australia Tour of Gippsland.[148][149]
Willy Lauwers
—
 Road cyclist (professional) April 1959   Belgium Lauwers died at the age of 22 in an accident during a motor-paced race in the Tirador de Palma Velodrome. He had won the first leg of the race and fell in the 46th lap of the second. Lauwers, who was riding at a speed of over 70 km per hour, suddenly lost his balance and fell on the track and was then hit by the motorbike of rider Pedro Gomila who followed him from a short distance. He died in hospital, half an hour after the accident.[150][151]
Kiyoshi Kitazawa Track cyclist (keirin) May 1959   Japan All-Star Keirin [ja], taking place at the Osaka Nagai Velodrome[152]
Knud Enemark Jensen
—
 Road cyclist (amateur) September 1960   Denmark Jensen collapsed during the 100-kilometer team time trial at the 1960 Summer Olympic Games, suffering a skull fracture and dying several hours later. Some commentators state that Jensen's autopsy revealed traces of drugs in his system but the Italian authorities' 1961 report stated that the official cause of death was heatstroke. A race-day temperature of 40 degrees Celsius/104 degrees Fahrenheit and Jensen's post-crash care (being kept in a "hot military tent"), could have been probable contributing factors.[153][154][155][156][157]
Alessandro Fantini
—
 Road cyclist (professional) May 5, 1961   Italy Died after a crash at the end of the sixth stage of the 1961 Tour of Germany[158]
Shosuke Fukushima [ja] Track cyclist (keirin) April 30, 1967   Japan All-Star Keirin [ja], taking place at the Kishiwada Velodrome [ja][159] Fell off his bike, where he died of skull fracture.[160]
Tom Simpson   Road cyclist (professional) July 13, 1967   United Kingdom Fell unconscious from his bike on the ascent up Mont Ventoux during the Tour de France, after suffering heart issues, heatstroke, the aftereffects of taking amphetamine and other medical issues. He died shortly afterwards in hospital,[161] near where his famous memorial stands.[10][162][163][Note 17]
Masamitsu Nakamura Track cyclist (keirin) August 1967   Japan National Prefectural Keirin Championship [ja], Shizuoka Velodrome [ja][152] His and Fujishima's death at a high-profile race (the equivalent of today's GI) led to wider rule revisions by NJS to improve safety.[168][160]
Valentín Uriona
—
 Road cyclist (professional) July 30, 1967   Spain Spanish Championship[169][170]
José Samyn
—
 Road cyclist (professional) August 28, 1969   France Zingem, Belgium[171]
Radamés Treviño
—
 Road and Track cyclist (professional) April 12, 1970   Mexico Crashed during a regional race between Pachuca and Mexico City.[172]
Jean-Pierre Monseré   Road, Track cyclist (professional) March 15, 1971   Belgium The 22-year-old 1970 world champion died during a local race in Lille, Antwerp when he collided head-on with a car that had entered the course. On impact, he hit his head in the windscreen, killing him instantly.[173][174][Note 18][175]
Manuel Galera[Note 19]   Road cyclist (professional) February 14, 1972   Spain Tour of Andalusia[176][177]
Graeme Jose
—
 Road cyclist (amateur) June 23, 1973   Australia While taking part in a race in Feldkirch Austria, he ran into the rear of a parked tray-topped lorry and was killed.[178]
Juan Manuel Santisteban[Note 20]   Road cyclist (professional) May 21, 1976   Spain Giro d'Italia. Died as a result of injuries when his head struck a crash barrier.[109][138]
Karl Kaminski   Road, Track cyclist October 8, 1978   East Germany Leipzig[179]
Joaquim Agostinho   Road cyclist (professional) May 10, 1984   Portugal During the Tour of Algarve.[180] Died ten days after colliding with a dog which had run onto the race-course.[181]
Emilio Ravasio
—
 Road cyclist (professional) May 28, 1986   Italy Giro d'Italia[138]
Vicente Mata
—
 Road cyclist (professional) February 17, 1987   Spain Trofeo Luis Puig.[182] Died after colliding with a car during race.
Michel Goffin
—
 Road cyclist (professional) February 27, 1987   Belgium Tour du Haut-Var in Marseilles France.[183][184] Goffin crashed and, after spending six days in a coma, died from his injuries.[182]
Connie Meijer
—
 Road cyclist August 17, 1988   Netherlands Died during a criterium in the Netherlands[185]
Noriyuki Tonai [ja] Track cyclist (keirin) May 17, 1992   Japan Fukui Velodrome [ja][159]
Fabio Casartelli   Road cyclist (professional) July 18, 1995   Italy Tour de France.[186][187][188] [182]
José Antonio Espinosa[Note 21]
—
 Road cyclist (professional) November 1996   Spain Criterium at Fuenlabrada[108][189][Note 22]
Isamu Narishima [ja] Track cyclist (keirin) July 24, 1998   Japan Tachikawa Velodrome[159]
Manuel Sanroma
—
 Road cyclist (professional) June 19, 1999   Spain Had a major crash 1 km from the end of a stage in the Volta a Catalunya and died at a nearby hospital[190][191]
Saúl Morales[Note 23]
—
 Road cyclist (professional) February 28, 2000   Spain Hit by truck during the 2000 Tour of Argentina[192][193]
Nicole Reinhart
—
 Road, Track cyclist (professional) September 17, 2000   United States Died as a result of a single-bike crash when she hit a tree during the 2000 BMC Tour event in Arlington/Boston.[194][108][195]
Masaharu Hattori [ja] Track cyclist (keirin) January 3, 2003   Japan 2R, A-class race; Ito Onsen Velodrome [ja]. Collapsed during cooling lap after finishing 4th. Was already in cardiac arrest when doctors arrived. Later died in hospital.[159]
Andrey Kivilev Road cyclist (professional) March 12, 2003   Kazakhstan Crashed during the 2003 Paris–Nice and died the next morning. Kivilev was not wearing a helmet.[196][197] After his death, the wearing of helmets became compulsory in all official UCI races.[198]
Juan Barrero
—
 Road cyclist (amateur) June 11, 2004   Colombia Crashed during a stage of the Vuelta a Colombia ("Tour of Colombia") on a high-speed descent early on in the stage. Barrero died in hospital shortly thereafter.[199]
Tim Pauwels
—
 Cyclo-cross (professional) September 26, 2004   Belgium Passed out during an early-season cyclo-cross race in Erpe-Mere, Belgium and crashed. Some sources say that Pauwels' heart had stopped before the crash.[200][201]
Alessio Galletti
—
 Road cyclist (professional) June 15, 2005   Italy Died of a heart attack 15 km from the finish line of the Subida al Naranco[197][202][203]
Patricia Pepper
—
 Road cyclist July 25, 2006   United Kingdom At 70 years of age, while competing in a time trial her bike and another bike collided — she died in hospital nine days later.[204][205]
Isaac Gálvez
—
 Road cyclist (professional) November 26, 2006   Spain Six Days of Ghent. Galvez died after coming into contact with Dimitri De Fauw and then crashing into a track railing.[206][207]
Bruno Neves
—
 Road cyclist (professional) May 11, 2008   Portugal Classica de Amarante.[208] Neves' collapse from heart failure caused him to crash during the race.[209][210][211]
Kei Uchida [ja] Track cyclist (keirin) September 11, 2008   Japan 7R of S-class qualifying race during the first day of the All-Star Keirin [ja] at the Ichinomiya Velodrome [ja]. During the penultimate part of the decisive lap, whilst attempting to pass, Uchida was nudged into one side by an overtaking rider, who then rebounded into another rider who had to rear back. This caused the spokes of Uchida's bicycle to collapse, throwing him over the handlebar face-first, striking his face onto the ground. He died in hospital hours later.[212][159][213] By then, Uchida was the 48th cyclist to die in accidents in the history of professional keirin, also the 4th to die in a GI graded event.[214]
Terumitsu Nakagaki [ja] Track cyclist (keirin) February 15, 2010   Japan 3R, A-class qualifying race, Hiroshima Velodrome [ja]. During the closing lap, he began to lose pace and collapsed where he was taken into hospital. He had already been in cardiac arrest and died shortly after.[159][213]
Thomas Casarotto
—
 Road cyclist (professional) September 10, 2010   Italy During the Giro del Friuli Venezia Giulia[215] at Pesariis,[216] Casarotto hit the wing mirror of a SUV parked on the course[216] and then crashed. He died September 15, 2010, of head injuries and trauma.[217]
Wouter Weylandt   Road cyclist (professional)
Leopard Trek 		May 9, 2011   Belgium Fatal crash on the Passo del Bocco during the third stage of the 2011 Giro d'Italia[218]
Teruo Sakamoto [ja] Track cyclist (keirin) July 7, 2012   Japan 9R, A-class qualifying race, Odawara Keirin Velodrome [ja]. Crashed into a timing equipment, used for photo finishes, after swerving inward to avoid another rider, who fell off in front of him whilst fighting for the lead. Died in hospital.[219][159]
Wouter Dewilde
—
 Road cyclist March 1, 2013   Belgium Dewilde was involved in a fatal crash during a regional event for elite racing cyclists without a contract, Brugge (West-Vlaanderen), Belgium[220][221]
Junior Heffernan
—
 Road cyclist (amateur) March 3, 2013   Ireland Died after collision with a car during the Severn Bridge Road Race in Gloucestershire[222]
Marcelo Graces
—
 Road cyclist March 31, 2013   Uruguay Graces was involved in a fatal crash during last stage of Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay after collision with a motorcycle during the time trial final stage of the race[223]
Jeanné Nell
—
 Track cyclist February 11, 2014   RSA Died in Cape Town, South Africa, during a keirin race[224]
Annefleur Kalvenhaar
—
 Mountainbiker August 23, 2014   Netherlands Died in Grenoble, France, due to a crash during a UCI World Cup XCE race in Méribel, France[225]
Will Olson
—
 Enduro/Mountainbike (amateur) August 2, 2015   USA Died in Crested Butte during an Enduro World Series race[226]
Antoine Demoitié   Road cyclist (professional)
Wanty–Groupe Gobert 		March 27, 2016   Belgium Died in hospital in Lille, due to injuries sustained in a crash during the Gent–Wevelgem race. Having been one of a group of cyclists who fell as the race went through Sainte-Marie-Cappel, he was struck by a motorbike accompanying the race.[227]
Daan Myngheer   Road cyclist (professional)
Roubaix–Métropole Européenne de Lille 		March 28, 2016   Belgium Died in hospital two days after suffering a heart attack during first stage of Critérium International[228][229]
Gijs Verdick
—
 Road cyclist (professional)
Cyclingteam Jo Piels 		May 9, 2016   Netherlands Died a week after suffering two heart attacks at the Under-23 Carpathian Couriers Race in Poland.[230]
Bahman Golbarnezhad   Road cyclist
Iranian Paralympic 		September 17, 2016   Iran 2016 Summer Paralympics. Had a head injury after colliding with a rock midway through the C4 road race of the Paralympics. Subsequently had cardiac arrest and died on the way to hospital.[231][232]
Eslam Nasser Zaki
—
 Road, Track cyclist March 20, 2017   Egypt Suffered a fatal heart attack while riding in the omnium event at the African Continental Track Championships at the Cyril Geoghegan Velodrome in Durban, South Africa.[233] He was a member of the Bahraini VIB Bikes road race team.
Mike Hall   Road endurance cyclist March 31, 2017   United Kingdom Died after being struck by a car on the outskirts of Canberra, Australia. He was in second place in a 3,300-mile race, the Indian Pacific Wheel Race, which was subsequently cancelled.[234]
Chad Young   Road cyclist (professional)
Axeon–Hagens Berman 		April 28, 2017   United States Received severe head injuries in a fall on a descent during the final stage of the Tour of the Gila into Pinos Altos, New Mexico and died in hospital in Tucson five days later.[235][236]
Casey Saunders
—
 Road cyclist (professional) June 25, 2017   United States Died after crashing in the Pro-1-2 criterium at Tour of Kansas City[237]
Ray Dare
—
 Road cyclist (amateur) July 19, 2017   United Kingdom Died after being rear-ended by a vehicle on the A41 near Aylesbury while attempting a 10 mile national record for his age (91) in a time trial.[238]
Mathieu Riebel
—
 Road cyclist (professional)
Shell Pacific team 		October 20, 2017   France Died instantly in a collision on the descent of the Col de La Pirogue during Stage 9 of the Tour de Nouvelle-Calédonie[239]
Michael Goolaerts   Road cyclist (professional)
Vérandas Willems–Crelan 		April 8, 2018   Belgium During the Paris–Roubaix classic, Goolaerts suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest on the third cobbled sector at Saint-Python, after 109 km of racing. He was resuscitated by paramedics and transferred by helicopter to CHRU-Hospital in Lille, although he died later that day.[240]
Stef Loos
—
 Road cyclist (professional)
Acrog-Pauwelssauzen-Balen team 		March 18, 2019   Belgium Died after colliding with a van on the Mémorial Alfred Gadenne after a group of three riders took the wrong turning at a junction[241]
Robbert de Greef   Road cyclist (professional)
Alecto Cycling Team 		April 25, 2019   Netherlands Suffered cardiac arrest during the Omloop van de Braakman race[242]
Bjorg Lambrecht   Road cyclist (professional)
Lotto–Soudal 		August 5, 2019   Belgium Crashed into a concrete culvert during stage three of the 2019 Tour de Pologne. He was taken to a hospital by ambulance and died during surgery.[243]
Suleiman Kangangi   Road / Gravel Cyclist August 27, 2022   Kenya Kangangi was killed in a high speed crash while riding in a gravel race in Vermont.[244]
Gino Mäder   Road Cyclist (professional)
Team Bahrain Victorious 		June 16, 2023    Switzerland Gino Mäder died following a crash on the descent of the Albula Pass on stage 5 of the Tour de Suisse.[245]
André Drege
—
 Road Cyclist (professional)
Team Coop–Repsol 		July 6, 2024   Norway Drege died during the descent of the Grossglockner High Alpine Road on stage 4 of the 2024 Tour of Austria.[246]
Muriel Furrer
—
 Road Cyclist (junior) September 27, 2024    Switzerland Furrer died following a crash at the 2024 UCI Road World Championships. She died the next day in the hospital of Zürich. [247]

Cyclists who died during training

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following athletes died while individually training for competitions or during scheduled breaks while participating in a professional race. The only incident of multiple deaths from a team involved Néstor Mora, Augusto Triana, and Hernán Patiño from Team Postobón in 1995. The death rates for cyclists, in general, differ from country to country depending on how popular cycling is. A 2015 study of European Union cyclists' deaths, for instance, showed that in the Netherlands almost 25% of road deaths were cyclists while Greece had less than 5%.[8][Note 24]

1900 to 1989

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Cyclists who died during training
Name Image Competitive status Date of death Nationality Location of death and additional information
Archie McEachern
—
 Track cyclist May 13, 1902   Canada Coliseum Cycling Track, Atlantic City, New Jersey.[248] McEachern was participating in a practice run prior to the Atlantic City velodrome's official opening. Riding close to the pace vehicle, McEachern was fatally injured when the bike's drive chain broke and died within minutes.[249][250]
Breton
—
 Track cyclist August 1902 Unknown Parc des Princes track. Killed when he steered his bicycle away from another cyclist and into the path of a 14-horsepower motorcycle being driven at 50 mph by Marius Thé. The track management allowed motorcyclists and racing bicyclists (called "flyers") to train at the same time.[251]
Edouard Taylor[Note 25]   Track cyclist 1903[3]   France[Note 26] Died at Aubervilliers, France in 1903.[253][252][254]
Hugh McLean
—
 Track cyclist September 5, 1909   United States Revere, Massachusetts cycling track. Died as a result of a training crash earlier in the month at the cycling track in Revere, Massachusetts.[255][256]
Franz Suter   Road cyclist June 1, 1914    Switzerland Struck by a train while training with his brother Paul near Courbevoie, France[257][258]
Ottavio Bottecchia   Road cyclist June 14, 1927   Italy [259] Found by the side of the road with bruises and serious skull fracture. The cause has remained a mystery – various theories have included a solo-crash/serious fall or an assault by unknown Fascists.[260][261]
Gustave Lejour
—
 Track cyclist 1928 Unknown Died while training on the Frankfurt (Germany) track[262]
Leo Verberkt
—
 Track cyclist December 7, 1936   Netherlands Died on the "Aalsterweg" near Eindhoven after being hit by a bus.[263]
Seiki Hirama [ja] Track cyclist August 21, 1968   Japan Fell off his bike and fractured his skull on August 16, during training camp at the Hiratsuka Velodrome [ja], preparing for the 1968 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. Later died in hospital of cerebral contusion. Hirama wore a leather helmet.

1990 to 2000

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Cyclists who died during training
Name Image Competitive status Date of death Nationality Location of death and additional information
Antonio Martín
—
 Road cyclist February 11, 1994   Spain Killed by a truck while training near Madrid[264][Note 24]
Néstor Mora
—
 Road cyclist February 21, 1995   Colombia Three members of Team Postobón were killed almost immediately while group training when a truck collided with another vehicle, sending the second vehicle careening into the group of cyclists.[265][266]
Augusto Triana
—
 Road cyclist   Colombia
Hernán Patiño
—
 Road cyclist   Colombia
Anders Nilsson
—
 Road cyclist professional June 21, 2000   Sweden Died immediately when hit by a speeding car during bicycle training, the driver left the scene. National team member in triathlon.[267]

2001 to 2009

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Cyclists who died during training
Name Image Competitive status Date of death Nationality Location of death and additional information
Ricardo Otxoa
—
 Road cyclist professional February 15, 2001   Spain Hit by a car during a training session together with his brother Javier (who survived but had serious brain injuries). The Circuito de Getxo was renamed the Memorial Ricardo Otxoa in his honor.[268]
Luke Harrop
—
 Road cyclist professional January 13, 2002   Australia Struck by a stolen car driven by an unlicensed driver who was out on bail at the time and who also fled the scene. Gold Coast, Brisbane, Australia during a training ride. Having severe head trauma, former champion triathlete Harrop died a day after the crash. In 2003, Australia's Gold Coast Triathlon was renamed in Harrop's memory as the Gold Coast Triathlon – Luke Harrop Memorial.[269][270][271][272][273]
David Martin
—
 Road cyclist amateur November 4, 2002   United States Hit by a drunk driver during training[108][274]
Haruko Fujinaka
—
 Mountainbike downhiller (pro) May 17, 2003   Japan Crashed and died during a practice run for the opening round of the 2003 NORBA National Championship Series at Big Bear Lake, California[275]
Lauri Aus
—
 Road cyclist professional July 20, 2003   Estonia Hit by a truck driven by a drunk driver while training for the Estonian MTB (Mountain Biking) Championship[276][277]
Amy Gillett
—
 Road cyclist July 18, 2005   Australia Head-on collision with a car in Germany (while training with her squad for the Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen which had been scheduled for the next day)[278]
Frederiek Nolf   Road cyclist February 5, 2009   Belgium Died in his sleep of a heart attack during the 2009 Tour of Qatar[279]
Zinaida Stahurskaya
—
 Road cyclist June 25, 2009   Belarus Struck and killed by a speeding car while training for the Belarus national championship on a public road.[280][281]

2010 to 2020

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Cyclists who died during training
Name Image Competitive status Date of death Nationality Location of death and additional information
Jure Robič   Road cyclist September 24, 2010   Slovenia Died in a head-on collision with a car while descending on a narrow mountain forest road in Plavški Rovt near Jesenice, Slovenia.[282]
Carla Swart
—
 Road cyclist January 19, 2011   South Africa Turned into the path of an oncoming truck in a bid to retrieve her cycling computer that she had just lost. Swart was a professional who had previously won nineteen individual and team cycling titles spanning four different variations of biking (cyclo-cross, mountain bike, road, and track) while on the Lees–McRae College cycling team.[283]
Carly Hibberd   Road cyclist July 6, 2011   Australia Hit by a car while training in Italy[284]
Victor Cabedo   Road cyclist September 19, 2012   Spain Died during a training ride after colliding with a vehicle[285][286]
Iñaki Lejarreta   Mountain biker December 12, 2012   Spain Killed in a training crash when his cycle was struck by a car[287][288]
Burry Stander   Mountain biker January 1, 2013   South Africa Died during a training ride after colliding with a vehicle[289]
Amy Dombroski   Cyclo-cross October 3, 2013   United States Hit by a truck while training in Belgium[290]
Kristof Goddaert   Road cyclist October 18, 2014   Belgium Killed during a training ride in Antwerp when he fell from his bike and was struck by a bus[291]
Claudio Clarindo
—
 Road cyclist January 25, 2016   Brazil Struck by an automobile whose driver had fallen asleep, Clarindo died almost immediately after being hit.[292]
Kelly McGarry
—
 Freerider February 1, 2016   New Zealand Died from cardiac arrest while biking on the Fernhill Loop Track in Central Otago.[293]
Ellen Watters
—
 Road cyclist December 23, 2016   Canada Died following a collision involving her bicycle and an automobile during a training ride in Sussex, New Brunswick[294]
Michele Scarponi   Road cyclist April 22, 2017   Italy Died after being hit by a truck, while on a training ride in Filottrano.[295]
Jason Lowndes   Road cyclist December 22, 2017   Australia Struck by a car while training near Bendigo, Australia[296]
Alistair Eeckman
—
 Triathlete/Duathlete August 20, 2018   United States Died after colliding with a line bus on a post-race recovery ride in Weyer, Austria at 2:10 pm local time, the day after racing Powerman Austria, placing 6th. Winner of the 2017 Powerman Duathlon in Panama.[297][298][299]
Ben Sonntag
—
 Mountain biker March 4, 2020   United States Struck by a pickup truck while training near Durango, Colorado. Sonntag was a world-class athlete in multiple sports, including being a professional mountain cyclist. He had previously won elite world championships in winter triathlon, was an All-American in cross-country skiing for the University of Alaska Anchorage, and had won three individual national collegiate cycling titles while at Fort Lewis College in Durango – two collegiate cross-country bike national titles and a championship in short-track.[300][301]
Jan Riedmann
—
 Road cyclist August 2, 2020   Germany A member of Team Auto Eder Bayern, the Under-19 team of Bora–Hansgrohe. Struck by a car while training with teammates near Sugenheim in Bavaria.[302]

2021 to present

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Cyclists who died during training
Name Image Competitive status Date of death Nationality Location of death and additional information
Daniel Pedraza Castillo
—
 Road cyclist January 25, 2021   Colombia Hit by a public transportation bus that had reversed to pick up a passenger on the side of the road while Pedraza Castillo was doing time trial work.[303]
Ryunosuke Narikiyo Track cyclist (keirin) February 24, 2021   Japan Collision with a truck on public road whilst on a training ride with his teammates.[159][304]
Gwen Inglis
—
 Road cyclist May 16, 2021   USA Inglis was the 2019 US Masters road race champion in the 45-49 age group and a member of the Back Swift-Cycleton Cycling Team. She was hit by a car driven by an apparently impaired driver that veered into the bike lane while Inglis was on a training ride.[305]
Adrián Babič
-
 Road cyclist May 26, 2021   Slovakia Babič was the champion and the vice-champion of Slovakia in the individual time trial in the under-23 category, Slovakia's junior champion in winter triathlon, and the winner of the Slovak World Cycling Cup of 2019. Competed at the 2018 World Championships. Babič was struck by a vehicle while training[306]
Desiet Kidane
-
 Road cyclist November 8, 2021   Eritrea Kidane was struck and killed while training in Asmara. At the time of her death, the 21- year old cyclist was considered a promising talent in the World Cycling Centre programme[307]
Estela Domínguez
-
 Road cyclist and cyclocross rider February 9, 2023   Spain Killed in a collision with a lorry at Villares de la Reina at the age of 19, Domínguez, from Valladolid and the daughter of a Giro d'Italia stage winner had been training for her first year as a professional with the Sopela team. [308]
Germán Chaves
-
 Road cyclist June 3, 2023   Colombia Killed in a collision with a truck while training in Chocontà his hometown at the age of 28. He was training with his father when they were both struck, killing Germán instantly and his father later in hospital. Chaves was an active cyclist since 2014 and was currently with Team Sistecrédito.
Tijl De Decker   Road cyclist August 25, 2023   Belgium Collided with the rear of a car while training in Lier, close to his hometown Antwerp. He died at Antwerp University Hospital at the age of 22 as a result of his injuries. De Decker was an active rider for Lotto–Dstny Development Team and was set to join UCI ProTeam Lotto–Dstny for the 2024 UCI World Tour season.[309]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The total includes the professional pacemakers (14) and riders (33) but does not include injuries/deaths of bystanders. On page 101 Mangan recounts some details of the infamous 1909 Friedenau (Berlin) track accident with nine spectators being killed and 52 others injured.[4] Other sources refer to the July 18, 1909 disaster happening at the "Botanical Garden" track or Botanischer Garten track.[5]
  2. ^ "Bert" Harris's given name was Albert Walter Allen Harris and he was nicknamed "Invincible Harris". The fastest short-distance rider in England, he was also the first Professional Cycling Champion of England and one of the most well-known athletes in his era.
  3. ^ Some sources spell Oscar Aaronson's last name as "Aronson".
  4. ^ Dangla's date of death is variously reported as June 12,[36] June 24[37] and June 26, 1904.[38]
  5. ^ The reference Sport-Album der Rad-Welt" was an annual compendium of the sports-newspaper Rad-Welt or "Bike World" which included a column, "Die Toten der Rennbahn" (or "The Dead of the Racetrack") that consisted of obituaries for dead cyclists.
  6. ^ Some sources spell Käser's name as "Carl Kaeser" see "Trove"/The Sydney Mail reference.
  7. ^ Sources differ on whether the accident happened in 1902[45] or in 1903.[46][47]
  8. ^ The accident took place on November 14, Brecy died on November 25 after lingering for 11 days.[50][51]
  9. ^ Piet van Nek Sr.'s name is also rendered in some sources as "Piet van Neck".
  10. ^ Some sources spell the name as "Christiaan Orlemans".
  11. ^ Pawlack is also rendered as "Georg Klein Bohrau Pawlack".
  12. ^ Per Cycling Archives, this race is also known as the "Inter Clubs Championship" and took place in Uccle, Belgium.[105]
  13. ^ When Walter Rutt (the former world champion) wrote to the "American Bicyclist and Motorcyclist (Volume 71)" published in 1950, he referred to this race not as the actual Six-Day Race but as a 'team race that was run before' it and that this team race was of a 'A Thousand Laps' (150 km) variety.[127]
  14. ^ a b There were two Berlin Six-Days races run in 1951, one in March and one in December. Van Beek died while racing the March 1951 Berlin Six-Day and Rudi Mirke died during the December Six-Day. There is some confusion in sources about which race Mirke and van Beek died in. The Berlin official visitors bureau website, for instance, has the two men involved in the same fatal collision.[130]
  15. ^ Metze's date of death is reported in sources as being in two different months in 1952 – July 28 (CyclingArchives.Com, American Bicyclist and Motorcyclist)[139][140] and also as May 28(Radsportseiten.net, ProCyclingStats.com)[141][142]
  16. ^ Ockers crashed on September 29 and died two days later, thousands of people took to the streets for his funeral.[144][146]
  17. ^ The circumstances surrounding Simpson's death were controversial. The autopsy report said that drugs (amphetamines) were found in his system but judged the overall cause of death as being a combination of heatstroke, oxygen depletion and physical exertion.[164] The temperature that day was 45 degrees Celsius/113 degrees Fahrenheit in the shade[165] – the heat combined with the exertion of getting up Ventoux plus riders' dehydration (since they were limited on water intake by Tour rules)[166][167] were all contributing factors.
  18. ^ Wilcockson refers to the race as "a kermesse race at Retié".[174]
  19. ^ Sources refer to this cyclist as Manuel Galera and as Manuel Galera Magdaleno.
  20. ^ Maneul's last name is also sometimes spelled as "Santiesteban".
  21. ^ Espinosa is also known as "José Antonio Espinosa Hernandez".
  22. ^ Espinosa's accident and death occurred during a team time trial ("el Criterium de Fuenlabrada").[189]
  23. ^ Some sources render this cyclist's name as Saúl Morales Corral.
  24. ^ a b There is a 58-year gap in this List of the recorded deaths of cyclists during training – from 1936 to 1994 – because none have been found so far by the editors who have worked on this List.
  25. ^ Taylor is also known as "Edouard-Henry Taylor".
  26. ^ Some sources seem to possibly state Taylor cycled for Great Britain,[252] but newspaper reports from the era and others state he was French.[253][254]

References

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  1. ^ Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle: The History. Yale University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-300-12047-9. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  2. ^ Opinion of Mr Advocate General Warner delivered on 24 October 1974. # B.N.O. Walrave and L.J.N. Koch v Association Union cycliste internationale, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie and Federación Española Ciclismo. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Arrondissementsrechtbank Utrecht – Netherlands. # Case 36–74. Walrave and Koch. Publications Office of the European Union. 2004. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019. On the one hand one can describe such a race as one between teams each consisting of a man on a motorcycle, known as a 'pacemaker' or 'pacer', followed by one on a bicycle, known as the 'stayer'
  3. ^ a b c d e Mangan, J.A., ed. (2002). Reformers, sport, modernizers: middle-class revolutionaries. European Sports History Review. Vol. 4. Psychology Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7146-5244-3. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  4. ^ Mangan, J.A., ed. (2002). Reformers, sport, modernizers: middle-class revolutionaries. European Sports History Review. Vol. 4. Psychology Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7146-5244-3.
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  14. ^ "Recently discovered Peregrine adverts and images". Hilldodger's cycling history site. March 26, 2010. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
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  18. ^ According to the BBC, the accident that caused Harris' death could be considered suspicious. The front wheel he borrowed in order to race was damaged and some have speculated about whether such an experienced cyclist would have made this mistake.[15][Note 2]
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  21. ^ "Oscar Aaronson Dies in New York". California Digital Newspaper Collection at University of California Riverside. California Digital Newspaper Collection/University of California Riverside. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2016. San Francisco Call, Volume 87, Number 23, 23 December 1900 (Page 19)
  22. ^ Arthur Devlin. "6-Day Bicycle Racing – Boston International Six day Bicycle Race". 6dayracing. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  23. ^ "Aronson, Injured in the Six-Day Race, is Critically Ill with Pneumonia" (PDF). The World. Old Fulton NY Post Cards By Tom Tryniski. December 19, 1900. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
  24. ^ "Bicyclist Oscar Aronson Dead of Physical Exhaustion" (PDF). The World). Old Fulton NY Post Cards By Tom Tryniski. December 23, 1900. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
  25. ^ "Johnny Nelson Injured By Explosion of Tire". California Digital Newspaper Collection at University of California Riverside. California Digital Newspaper Collection/University of California Riverside. Retrieved July 24, 2022. San Francisco Call, Volume 87, Number 96, 5 September 1901(Page 3)
  26. ^ Keating, R.K. (2021). Velodrome Racing and the Rise of the Motorcycle. McFarland & Company. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-4766-8143-6.
  27. ^ "La fin de Kerff". L'Auto. Paris. May 19, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  28. ^ a b "Harry Elkes Killed in Bicycle Race" (PDF). The New York Times. New York. May 31, 1903. p. 1. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  29. ^ "News of the Week...Elkes Killed in Cycle Race". The Summary. Vol. XXXI, no. 23. New York State Reformatory at Elmira (published June 6, 1903). 1903. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  30. ^ "Harry Elkes Killed – Terrible Accident to Bicyclists at Cambridge, Mass". Los Angeles Herald. Vol. 30, no. 236. May 31, 1903. Archived from the original on September 7, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
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