The Gustafsen Lake standoff was a land dispute that led to a confrontation between the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Indigenous protestors (Tsʼpeten Defenders) and non-Indigenous protestors in the interior of British Columbia, Canada, at Gustafsen Lake (known as Tsʼpeten in the Shuswap language).
| Gustafsen Lake Standoff | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Date | August 18 - September 17, 1995 | ||
| Location | Gustafsen Lake, British Columbia, Canada | ||
| Resulted in | Crisis ended | ||
| Parties | |||
| |||
The standoff began on August 18, 1995, and lasted for 31 days, ending on September 17, when the few remaining protestors left the site peacefully.[1][2] The RCMP operation during the standoff ended up being the most costly of its kind to date in modern Canadian history, having involved 400 police officers and support from the Canadian Armed Forces in the form of Operation Wallaby.[3]
Sun Dance and early occupation
editThe 1995 Sun Dance was the sixth Sun Dance to be performed at Gustafsen Lake. Sun Dances began at the site after Faith Keeper Percy Rosette and other Shuswap elders had a vision of the site. The site is located at the head of Dog Creek,[4] near 100 Mile House, British Columbia. The specific location of the lands were in District Lot 114, Lillooet Land District,[5] at approximately 51°32′28.8″N 121°43′0.1″W / 51.541333°N 121.716694°W.[6]
Rosette approached ranch owner Lyle James about conducting the ceremony at Gustafsen Lake. James agreed to allow the ceremony to take place for four years as long as no permanent structures were erected at the site. The Sun Dance continued in 1994 and James discovered that Rosette and his partner Mary Pena had taken up permanent residence at the site sometime late in 1994.
Rosette was in contact with veteran Indigenous rights lawyer and supporter of Indigenous sovereignty, Bruce Allan Clark. On January 3, 1995, Clark submitted a petition to the Queen, signed by representatives of Indigenous religious communities from across Canada, including Rosette and Alberta medicine man John Stevens. The petition sought an international inquiry into the subject of the occupation of unceded Indigenous territories by the Canadian government.
At this point, the RCMP operated as mediators between the James Cattle Company and the protestors.[7]
Growing tension
editIn June 1995, people from the Secwepemc (Shuswap), other Indigenous, and non-Indigenous supporters joined Rosette and Pena at Gustafsen Lake in preparation for the Sun Dance to take place in July. The situation intensified when James presented the camp with an eviction notice after they erected a fence to keep defecating cattle from the ceremonial area. James believed the Indigenous community members and their supporters were staking their territory.
The situation was complicated by allegedly armed and racist ranch hands who impaled the notice on a sacred spear. The Secwepemc believed their religion was under attack. Although guns were already present at the camp, the 1995 Sun Dance leader, Splitting the Sky called for an armed defensive stance. The involvement of local elected Shuswap leadership further aggravated the protestors who saw elected leadership as a functionary of the Canadian state. Initial press releases from the protestors in June and July called Sun Dancers to the site, claimed their right to practise their religion was being violated, and re-asserted the belief that the grounds were part of a larger tract of unceded Indigenous land.
Shots were allegedly fired toward forestry workers working in the area, at which point the RCMP attempted to secure the area.[8]
Standoff
editThe RCMP continued to negotiate with the protestors through local elected leadership and, then, national Assembly of First Nations (AFN) Grand Chief Ovide Mercredi without success.
The RCMP launched one of the largest police operations in Canadian history, including the deployment of 400 tactical assault team members, five helicopters, two surveillance planes and nine Bison armoured personnel carriers on loan from the Canadian Forces.[9][2] The RCMP kept journalists well away from the site and some reporters became uneasy that the only side of the story being told was that preferred by the police. Under Canadian law, police forces have discretion to create "exclusion zones" to protect the public, and allow themselves clear space to carry out their duties, but these zones are usually measured in metres. [10]
On September 11, RCMP detonated an explosive device buried in an access road to the camp, heavily damaging a supply truck being driven by protestors. The incident resulted in a firefight that made use of the Bisons.[9][2] Non-Indigenous occupier Suniva Bronson was shot in the arm during the shootout and would be the only injury in the extensive exchange of bullets. On the following day, an unarmed man crossing a field designated as a no-shoot zone was shot at by police snipers. Police later admitted to this mistake.[7]
The standoff ended peacefully on September 17 when the few remaining protestors left the site under the guidance of medicine man, John Stevens. By the end of the 31-day standoff, police had fired up to 77,000 rounds of ammunition, and killed a dog. One of the Indigenous leaders claimed that at least one of the shooting incidents blamed on them in fact occurred when two Bisons fired on one another when their view was obscured.[11] The operation was the largest paramilitary operation in British Columbia history and cost $5.5 million.[12]
Resolution
editFourteen Indigenous and four non-Indigenous people were charged following the siege, fifteen of whom were found guilty and sentenced to jail terms ranging from six months to eight years. The leader of the protest/occupation, William "Wolverine" Jones Ignace, was found guilty of mischief to property, mischief causing danger to life, possession of firearms and explosives, discharging a firearm at police, and using a firearm to assault police officers. Three of the defendants appealed the verdicts on the grounds that the Canadian courts have no jurisdiction over the lands where the Gustafsen Lake standoff took place, which they claimed remain unceded Indigenous land. The Supreme Court of British Columbia refused to hear the appeal.
One of those convicted was James Pitawanakwat, who was sentenced to three years in jail for endangering life. He left Canada for the United States nine days after being released on parole, and successfully fought extradition to Canada, becoming the only Indigenous person ever granted political asylum in the United States.[13]
According to Magistrate Judge Janice M. Stewart of the U.S District Court in Oregon, "The Gustafsen Lake incident involved an organized group of Indigenous people rising up in their homeland against an occupation by the government of Canada of their sacred and unceded tribal land." She also asserted that "the Canadian government engaged in a smear and disinformation campaign to prevent the media from learning and publicizing the true extent and political nature of these events".[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Lambertus, Sandra (2004). Wartime Images, Peacetime Wounds: The Media and the Gustafsen Lake Standoff. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802085511. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ^ a b c "In Pictures: The 1995 armed 31-day standoff over aboriginal title at B.C.'s Gustafsen Lake". www.theglobeandmail.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ^ "Canadian Armed Forces Operations from 1990-2015" (PDF). cradpdf.drdc-rddc.gc.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ^ "Gustafsen Lake". BC Geographical Names.
- ^ Mahony, Ben David (2001). "Disinformation and smear" : the use of state propaganda and military force to suppress aboriginal title at the 1995 Gustafsen Lake standoff (Masters Thesis). University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Arts and Science. p. 198. hdl:10133/189.
- ^ Land Title & Survey Authority of British Columbia (2009), Online Cadastre Application, archived from the original on 2009-12-08, retrieved 2009-10-21. Use "Find Location", "Place Name", "Gustafsen Lake".
- ^ a b Shrubsole (2011).
- ^ Splitting the Sky & Bruderer (2001); Shrubsole (2011).
- ^ a b "Bison APC at Ts'Peten, 1995". warriorpublications.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
- ^ Johnson, William (August 29, 1995). "RCMP Should Avoid Waco-Style Shootout In B.C." Montreal Gazette.
"Perhaps it's the old newsman in me, but I'm uneasy about the reporting. Journalists have been kept away from the scene by the RCMP & the native occupiers could not tell their side of the story because Mounties have cut off their means of communication".
- ^ Vancouver Sun, 12 September 1995, A1[full citation needed]
- ^ Dembicki, Geoff; Mackin, Bob (October 19, 2009). "Olympics' Top Cop Helped Blow up Truck at Gustafsen Stand-off". The Tyee.
- ^ Berman, Sarah (17 April 2016). "Meet the Indigenous Activist Who Fled Canada and Was Granted Asylum in the US". The Vice News. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
- ^ Makin, Kirk (23 November 2000). "U.S. judge won't extradite native activist". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- Glavin, Terry (14 November 1995). "How the Circus Came to Gustafsen Lake". The Albion Monitor. Also found in Glavin, Terry (1996). This Ragged Place: Travels Across the Landscape. New Star Books. pp. 108–121. ISBN 978-0-921586-52-4.
- Lambertus, Sandra (2004). Wartime Images, Peacetime Wounds: The Media and the Gustafsen Lake Standoff. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8551-1.
- Lambertus, Sandra (2000). Terms of engagement, an anthropological case study of the media coverage of the 1995 Gustafsen Lake standoff (PDF) (PhD). University of Alberta.
- Mahony, Ben (August 2000). "War-like Tactics Against Native People at Gustafsen Lake Documented on Film". Archived from the original on April 28, 2019.
- Matas, Robert (September 17, 2005). "Hoped-for Sundance film to tell the story". The Globe and Mail. p. A10.
- Schmierer, Cam (September 1996). "Showdown at Gustafsen Lake". The First Nations Drum. Re-published in O'Connor, Joseph (2004). Smoke Signals from the Heart. Totem Pole Books. pp. 161–164. ISBN 978-0-9735840-0-4.
- Shrubsole, Nicholas (2011). "The Sun Dance and the Gustafsen Lake Standoff: Healing Through Resistance and the Danger of Dismissing Religion". International Indigenous Policy Journal. 2 (4). doi:10.18584/iipj.2011.2.4.3.
- Splitting the Sky; Bruderer, Sandra (2001). Autobiography of Splitting the Sky : from Attica to Gustafsen Lake : Unmasking the Secret of the Psycho-sexual Energy and the Struggle for Original Peoples' Title. John Pasquale Boncore. ISBN 978-0-9689365-0-4.
- Steele, Scott (16 December 2013). "Maclean's: Gustafsen Lake Standoff: 15 Charged". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
- Switlo, Janice G.A.E. (1997). Gustafsen Lake: Under Siege. Exposing the truth behind the Gustafsen Lake Stand-off. TIAC Communications. ISBN 978-1-896780-01-6.
- Welch, Mary Agnes (4 February 2019). "Gustafsen Lake Standoff". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
- "Tsʼpeten (Gustafsen Lake) Archives".
- "A Chronology of the Gustafsen Lake Standoff".
- "The Case of USA versus Pitawanakwat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27.
- "Evidence presented to address Canada's request to extradite James Pitawanakwat". Archived from the original on 2006-05-16.
- "Gustafsen Lake". IndigenousFoundations.Arts.UBC.ca. First Nations and Indigenous Studies, University of British Columbia. 2009.
External links
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