Psara (Greek: Θ/Κ Ψαρά) was a steel-built ironclad warship named for one of the Aegean Sea islands that played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence. The final vessel of the Hydra class, she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion. The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1902. She was armed with a main battery of three 10.8 in (274 mm) guns and five 5.9 in (150 mm) guns, and had a top speed of 17 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph).
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Greece | |
| Namesake | Psara Island |
| Ordered | 1885 |
| Builder | Le Havre Shipyards |
| Launched | 1890 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap 1932 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Hydra-class ironclad |
| Displacement | 4,808 long tons (4,885 t) |
| Length | 334 feet 8 inches (102.01 m) |
| Beam | 51 ft 10 in (15.80 m) |
| Draft | 18 ft (5.5 m) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Crew | 400 |
| Armament |
|
| Armor | |
Psara and her sisters saw extensive service with the Greek Navy. They participated in the Greco–Turkish War in 1897 until the Great Powers intervened and prevented the Greek Navy from capitalizing on their superiority over the Ottoman Navy. Psara saw action in the First Balkan War at the Naval Battle of Elli and was present at the Naval Battle of Lemnos, but was too slow to actively engage the Ottoman forces. She did not see action during World War I, and was reduced to a training ship for stokers after the end of the war. She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1932.
Design
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Psara was 334 feet 8 inches (102.01 m) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 51 ft 10 in (15.80 m) and a mean draft of 18 ft (5.5 m). She displaced 4,808 long tons (4,885 t) as built. She was powered by a pair of marine steam engines of unknown type with steam provided by four coal-fired fire-tube boilers; they were rated at 6,700 indicated horsepower (5,000 kW) and provided a top speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). Coal storage amounted to 500 long tons (510 t).[1]
Psara's main battery consisted of three 10.8 in (270 mm) Canet guns in individual mounts.[2] Two guns were mounted forward in barbettes on either side of the forward superstructure; these were L/34 guns. The third gun, a L/28 gun, was placed in a turret aft. The secondary battery consisted of four 5.9 in (150 mm) L/36 guns in casemates were mounted below the forward main battery, and a fifth 5.9-inch gun was placed on the centerline on the same deck as the main battery. A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats. These included four 3.4 in (86 mm) L/22 guns, four 3-pounder guns, four 1-pounder guns, and six 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannons. The ship was also armed with three 14-inch (356 mm) torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and one in the bow.[1]
The ship was armored with a mix of Creusot and compound steel. The main belt was 12 inches (305 mm) thick in the central section and was reduced to 4 inches (102 mm) at either end of the vessel. The main battery barbettes were protected by up to 14 inches of armor.[1] Psara was fitted with an armor deck that was 2.3 inches (58 mm) thick.[2]
Service history
editIn 1885, Greece ordered three new ironclads of the Hydra class.[3] Psara was ordered from the Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipyard in Le Havre, France, during the premiership of Charilaos Trikoupis. The ship, named for the island of Psara, was launched in 1890, and by 1892, she and her sister-ships Spetsai and Hydra were delivered to the Greek fleet.[4][1][5]
Psara saw limited action in the Greco–Turkish War in 1897, as the Royal Hellenic Navy was unable to make use of its superiority over the Ottoman Navy. The Ottoman Navy had remained in port during the conflict, but a major naval intervention of the Great Powers prevented the Greeks from capitalizing on their superiority.[3] The conflict was precipitated by an 1897-1898 Christian uprising against Ottoman rule on the island of Crete, which was the object of an intervention between February 1897 and December 1898 by the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), Imperial Russian Navy, and British Royal Navy. The international intervention in Crete concluded with the creation of an autonomous Cretan State under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire in December 1898.[6]
Between 1897 and 1900, Psara and her sister-ships were partially rearmed; Psara was modified at the La Seyne shipyard. Their small-caliber guns were replaced with one 3.9 in (99 mm) gun forward, eight 65 mm (2.6 in) guns, four 3-pounders, and ten 1-pounder revolver cannon. One of the 14-inch torpedo tubes was replaced with a 15 in (380 mm) weapon.[1][7] In 1908–1910, the old 5.9 in guns were replaced with new, longer L/45 models.[8]
The Balkan League, of which Greece was a member, declared war on the Ottoman Empire in October 1912.[9] Two months later, the Ottoman fleet attacked the Greek navy, in an attempt to disrupt the naval blockade surrounding the Dardanelles.[10] The Ottoman fleet, which included Turgut Reis, Barbaros Hayreddin, the outdated ironclad battleships Mesudiye and Âsâr-ı Tevfik, nine destroyers, and six torpedo boats, sortied from the Dardanelles at 9:30. The smaller ships remained at the mouth of the straits while the battleships sailed north, remaining near to the coast. The Greek flotilla, which included the armored cruiser Georgios Averof and Psara and her sisters, had been sailing from the island of Imbros to the patrol line outside the straits. When the Ottomans were sighted, the Greeks altered course to the northeast in order to block the advance of their opponents. In the ensuing Naval Battle of Elli, the Ottoman ships opened fire first, at 9:50, from a range of about 15,000 yards; the Greeks returned fire ten minutes later, by which time the range had decreased significantly to 8,500 yards. At 10:04, the Ottoman ships completed a 16-point turn, which reversed their course, and steamed for the safety of the straits in a disorganized withdrawal.[11] Within an hour, the routed Ottoman ships had withdrawn into the Dardanelles.[10]
The Naval Battle of Lemnos resulted from an Ottoman plan to lure the faster Georgios Averof away from the Dardanelles. The protected cruiser Hamidiye evaded the Greek blockade and broke out into the Aegean Sea; the assumption was that the Greeks would dispatch Georgios Averof to hunt down Hamidiye. Despite the threat to Greek lines of communication posed by the cruiser, the Greek commander refused to detach Georgios Averof from her position. Georgios Averof appeared approximately 12 miles from Lemnos; when the powerful Greek ship was spotted, the Ottomans turned to retreat with Georgios Averof in pursuit. She scored several hits on the fleeing Ottoman ships before breaking off the chase. Psara and her sisters were too slow to keep up with Georgios Averof, and played no part in the engagement.[11] Since Georgios Averof was needed to keep the blockade, Psara and four destroyers were detached to hunt down Hamidiye. Psara was much slower than the Turkish cruiser, and had no real chance of catching her, and Hamidiye remained at large until the end of the war in May 1913.[12]
By 1914, Psara had been withdrawn from active duty to serve as a training ship for engine room personnel.[13] At the outbreak of World War I at the end of July 1914, Greece's pro-German monarch, Constantine I, decided to remain neutral. The Entente powers landed troops in Salonika in 1915, which was a source of tension between France and Greece. Ultimately, the French seized the Greek Navy on 19 October 1916; the heavy units of the Greek fleet were disarmed and placed in reserve for the remainder of the war.[8] After the end of the war, Psara became a school for quartermasters and later a school for junior boys at Poros, until she was sold for scrap in 1932.[14]
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ a b c d e Gardiner, p. 387
- ^ a b Laughton, p. 348
- ^ a b Gardiner & Gray, p. 382
- ^ Brassey, p. 25
- ^ The Chinese Times, p. 488
- ^ Sondhaus, p. 220
- ^ Mason, p. 293
- ^ a b Gardiner & Gray, p. 383
- ^ Hall, p. 24
- ^ a b Hall, pp. 64–65
- ^ a b Fotakis, p. 50
- ^ Leather, pp. 60–61
- ^ Fotakis, p. 78
- ^ Paizis-Paradellis, p. 78
References
edit- Brassey, Thomas A. (1892). Brassey's Naval Annual. London: Praeger Publishers.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Fotakis, Zisis (2005). Greek Naval Strategy and Policy, 1910–1919. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35014-3.
- Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-8317-0302-8.
- Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
- Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22946-3.
- Laughton, L. G. Carr, ed. (1900). The Naval Pocketbook. London: W. Thacker & Co.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Leather, John (1976). World Warships in Review: 1860–1906. London: Redwood Burn Ltd. ISBN 978-0-356-08076-5.
- Mason, Herbert B. (1908). Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping. London: The Shipping Encyclopaedia. OCLC 11857976.
- Sondhaus, Lawrence (1997). Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-745-7.
- The Chinese Times. III. Tientsin: The Tientsin Printing Co. 1889.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)