Gonggar County, also Gongkar (Tibetan: གོང་དཀར་རྫོང་།; Chinese: 贡嘎县), is a county of Shannan in the southeastern part of Tibet Autonomous Region, China, it's one of the 12 counties of the prefecture. It has under its jurisdiction five towns, four townships, and contains notable landmarks such as the Gonggar Choide Monastery, the Zhug Dêqên Qoikor Monastery, Gangdoi Town, the Gonggar Dzong at Xoi, the Lhasa Gonggar Airport at Gyazhugling, the Tubdain Ramai Monastery and the county seat of Gyixung.[2]
Gonggar County
贡嘎县 • གོང་དཀར་རྫོང་། Gongkar, Konggar | |
|---|---|
 | |
.png) Location of Gonggar County (red) within Shannan City (yellow) and the Tibet A.R. | |
  Gonggar Location of the seat in the Tibet A.R.  Gonggar Gonggar (China) | |
| Coordinates (Gonggar government): 29°17′20″N 90°59′02″E / 29.289°N 90.984°E | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Tibet |
| Prefecture-level city | Shannan (Lhoka) |
| County seat | Gyixung |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,283 km2 (881 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
• Total | 53,701 |
| • Density | 24/km2 (61/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Website | www |
| Gonggar County | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 贡嘎县 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 貢嘎縣 | ||||||
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| Tibetan name | |||||||
| Tibetan | གོང་དཀར་རྫོང་། | ||||||
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Legend
editThe fable narrated about this county is that the "first Tibetan was born to the fairy girl, Ruosa and her monkey lover".[citation needed]
History
editHistory of the county came into limelight with the establishment of the Sakyapa school of Tibetan Buddhism. Among the many dzongs and monasteries established in the 14th century, the best known are the Gonngar Dzong and the Gonggar Choede Monastery.[3][4]
In recent history of the county, during the reform of the late 1950s, Gonggar County was the scene of armed rebellion between the Kamba rebels (under the banner of “four rivers and six mountain ranges”) and the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA); PLA troops were killed and their convoy of army vehicles ambushed here.[5]
Geography
edit
Gonggar County is located in southern Tibet and has a total area of 2,283 square kilometres (881 sq mi). The Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River), the mother river of Tibet, flows through the Gonggar County and among other counties of Shannan, and is thus rich in water resources. Set in west to east direction, the county is a plateau land with an average altitude of 3,750 metres (12,300 ft).[citation needed] The Gonggar County is situated at a location where Yarlung Tsangpo River is very wide. It is for this reason that the Gonggar Airport was constructed at this location. The airport lies to the west of Rawa-me, which is the capital of the county at the entry of the Namrab Valley, 96 kilometres (60 mi) from Lhasa and 87 kilometres (54 mi) from Tsetang, the capital of Shannan. The county is bounded by the Mount Chuwaru (held sacred in Tibet) opposite to Chusul, the Gompa La (4,794 kilometres (2,979 mi)) Pass to the south on the route to the sacred Yamdrok Lake in West Tibet, on the east to the limits of the Dal Valley on the south bank of the Brahmaputra and Dorje Monastery on the north bank. The county also envelops the southern side valleys of Namrab and Drib counties and the northern side valleys of Leuchung and Trango counties.[citation needed]
- Climate
The county has monsoon climate. It has four climatic seasons. It has a long winter and hardly any summer season. The average temperature varies from 7.2–8.5 °C (45.0–47.3 °F), with the warmest month average temperature being 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) and the coldest month average temperature is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F). The average annual precipitation is 356.6 millimetres (14.04 in) with 29.9 rainy days. The annual sunshine hours are 3,194 and frost-free period is 142 days. It is subject to natural disasters from frequent storms with 40 days of gale days on an average concentrated in February–April. Solar radiation has been recorded as 7,710 MJ/m2[citation needed]
| Climate data for Gonggar, elevation 3,564 m (11,693 ft), (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
17.4 (63.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
2.7 (36.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
8.9 (48.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.5 (16.7) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
10.3 (50.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.4 (0.02) |
0.4 (0.02) |
2.0 (0.08) |
9.0 (0.35) |
23.6 (0.93) |
58.1 (2.29) |
132.5 (5.22) |
116.5 (4.59) |
64.3 (2.53) |
8.2 (0.32) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.7 (0.03) |
416.1 (16.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 8.4 | 13.9 | 19.4 | 18.4 | 13.0 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 84.2 |
| Average snowy days | 1.1 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 11.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 33 | 28 | 30 | 39 | 45 | 52 | 64 | 66 | 64 | 51 | 42 | 40 | 46 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 254.9 | 239.9 | 267.2 | 265.9 | 286.6 | 268.2 | 232.0 | 231.5 | 243.0 | 276.4 | 266.7 | 264.0 | 3,096.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 78 | 76 | 71 | 68 | 68 | 64 | 55 | 57 | 67 | 79 | 84 | 83 | 71 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[6][7] | |||||||||||||
- Vegetation
The forest area in the county is 7.8 million mu and of grassland area is 282 mu. The main crops and vegetables grown are barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, pea, broad bean, rape, radish, potato, Yuan cabbage, tomatoes and cauliflower. Medicinal plants and products in the county are creeping cypress, opulus, ginseng fruits, snow lotus, Chinese caterpillar fungus, Fritillaria, musk and seabuckthorn.[citation needed]
- Fauna
The wildlife species recorded in the county are wild yak, wild ass, Tibetan antelope, Tibetan gazelle, and black-necked cranes. The livestock are mainly yak, pianniu, cattle, goats, sheep, horses, donkeys, mules and pigs.[citation needed]
Economy
editThe county has predominantly an agricultural economy and is considered the grain base of Shannan. Tourism also adds to the economic development of the county.[citation needed]
Economic progress is witnessed in the county in all sectors of economy. In recent years, the county has held five Trade fairs and 3 cultural fairs to promote local products and Tibetan handicrafts.[8]
- Energy
The energy resources of the county consist of the two functioning hydropower stations with generating capacity of 530 MWh. The Yamzhog pumped storage power station with installed capacity of 90 MW is under construction.[citation needed]
- Handicrafts
The famous apron, which the Tibetan married women wear, is a handicraft of the Gonggar County in the Jiedexiu area and is known as "Jed Show Apron". The county is synonymous with this apron, which has a distinctive and characteristic style, and it is produced here for the last 500 or 600 years.[9]
Administrative divisions
editGonggar County contains 5 town and 4 townships.
| Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Towns | ||||
| Kyishong Town (Gyixung) |
吉雄镇 | Jíxióng zhèn | སྐྱིད་གཤོངས་གྲོང་རྡལ། | skyid gshongs grong rdal |
| Gyadrukling Town | 甲竹林镇 | Jiǎzhúlín zhèn | རྒྱ་དྲུག་གླིང་གྲོང་རྡལ། | gya drug gling grong rdal |
| Chede Zhöl Town | 杰德秀镇 | Jiédéxiù zhèn | ལྕེ་བདེ་ཞོལ་གྲོང་རྡལ། | lce bde zhol grong rdal |
| Göntö Town | 岗堆镇 | Gǎngduī zhèn | དགོན་སྟོད་གྲོང་རྡལ། | dgon stod grong rdal |
| Qangtang Town | 江塘镇 | Jiāngtáng zhèn | བྱང་ཐང་གྲོང་རྡལ། | byang thang grong rdal |
| Townships | ||||
| Namgyel Zhöl Township | 朗杰学乡 | Lǎngjiéxué xiāng | རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ཞོལ་ཤང་། | rnam rgyal zhol shang |
| Chênggo Township | 昌果乡 | Chāngguǒ xiāng | འཕྲེང་གོ་ཤང་། | 'phreng go shang |
| Dongra Township | 东拉乡 | Dōnglā xiāng | སྟོང་རྭ་ཤང་། | stong rwa shang |
| Kyimxi Township | 克西乡 | Kèxī xiāng | ཁྱིམ་བཞི་ཤང་། | khyim bzhi shang |
Demographics
editGonggar County has a geographical area of 2,283 square kilometres (881 sq mi), with a total population of 50,000 (2003), which gives a population density of 21 per km2.[10]
Landmarks
editAs the cradle of ancient culture and its enviable position in the rich history of Tibet, Gonggar County has unique and rich historical monuments, Buddhist monastery, natural geological features such as lake and caves, scenic regions and religiously linked mountains.
- Dorje Drak / Dorjezha monastery
Dorjezha Monastery, situated on a hilltop, blends well with the rock setting and is named after the rock known as Vraja, the green coloured gemstones found behind the monastery. The literal meaning of ‘Dorjezha’ is “Diamond Hill.” It was initially built on modest lines, on the right bank of the Yarlung River by a wealthy local man known as Doxie Dorje. The monastery was destroyed completely in 1717 during Zungar invasion of this area. It was, however, rebuilt in 1718. Further, the monastery was supported by the Fifth Dalai Lama and consequently, it underwent major improvements and became one of the famous monasteries of Tibet. At the peak of its popularity, 2000 monks of Nyingma sect resided here; it is known as the only ancestral monastery of the Sakyapa sect. It was substantially damaged during the Cultural Revolution. However, it was rebuilt in 1978. At present, 29 monks reside here, and most of them are from the Gonggar County, except one monk who is from Renbo County of Shigatse Prefecture. The Management system established is democratic, with each individual member of the Management Commission made responsible for particular tasks such as religious activities, finance and daily matters. It maintains close interaction with the Choqin Monastery (Dêgê County in Sichuan province) also of the Nyigma sect and both follow the same teaching and practicing of Buddhist tenets. In this monastery, the practice of the “Reincarnation of the Living Buddha” is followed and hence it has the name of Renchenqinmo Dorjeza Jambeilobsam Gyinmeinamzogyacho and the present Living Buddha is the 10th Reincarnation in this lineage, and as result this monastery has huge reputation among the adherents of Tibetan Buddhism.[11][12]
- Mao Zedong statue
A large statue of Mao Zedong has been installed in the Gonggar County in Gonggar town. The statue was erected by contributions made by the people of Hunan Province, where Mao was born. The statue, erected in honour of the Chairman Mao, was in gratitude for the people of his hometown. The statue is erected on a 5.16 metres (16.9 ft) pedestal is 7.1 metres (23 ft) tall and weighs 35 tonnes and made in granite. It cost 480,000 yuan (US$60,000).[13]
- Gyaideshiu town
Gyaideshiu town (also spelt Jiedexiu Town) is famous for the Gyaideshiu 'Bangdian' apron not only among women in Tibet but also is in demand in Nepal, India, Bhutan and Western Europe. The town is located in the county, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to its east on the highway towards Zetang.[11][14] Bangdian" is an apron of China's Tibetan ethnic group with historic heritage of 1,500 years of hand weaving. This weaving technique is designated as "China's state-level intangible cultural heritage."[14]
Transport
editThere are two National Highways passing through the county, apart from several rural network of roads. The county is also famous for the Lhasa Gonggar Airport.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ "山南市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报" (in Chinese). Statistics Bureau of Lhoka. 2021-06-24.
- ^ Buckley, Michael (2006). Tibet. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 58, 161. ISBN 1-84162-164-1. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
Gongkar.
- ^ "Drukpachoegon". www.drukpachoegon.info. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
- ^ "gong dkar chos sde - Gongkar Chode". Buddhist Digital Resource Center. 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
- ^ "Armed Rebellion in Tibet Opposed the Democratic Reform Through Which Serfs Win Human Rights(I)". Tibet Information Centre. Archived from the original on 2005-05-05. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ "Trade fair starts in Gonggar". English Tibet News. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ "Tibetan Clothing". China Discover net:Tibet Culture. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- ^ "Tibet's Shannan area district (Administrative division) Satellite maps". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 2016-07-07. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b An Caindain. "A Journey to Qomolangmo (V): Southeastern Route". Tibet Magazine.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ Gazangjia (2003). Tibetan religions. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 95–96. ISBN 7-5085-0232-9. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
- ^ "Huge statue of Mao Zedong stands in Tibet county". China Information Centre. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- ^ a b "Exquisite Tibetan apron". English Cqnews. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
External links
edit- Hudong Encyclopedia (in Chinese)