Gloeobacter is a genus of cyanobacteria. It is the sister group to all other photosynthetic cyanobacteria.[2][3] Gloeobacter is unique among cyanobacteria in not having thylakoids, which are characteristic for all other cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Instead, the light-harvesting complexes (also called phycobilisomes), that consist of different proteins, sit on the inside of the plasma membrane among the (cytoplasm). Subsequently, the proton gradient in Gloeobacter is created over the plasma membrane, where it forms over the thylakoid membrane in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts.[2]
| Gloeobacter | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Cyanobacteria |
| Class: | Cyanophyceae |
| Order: | Gloeobacterales Cavalier-Smith |
| Family: | Gloeobacteraceae Komárek et Anagnostidis |
| Genus: | Gloeobacter Rippka, Waterbury, & Cohen-Bazire, 1974[1] |
| Species | |
| |
The whole genome of G. violaceus (strain PCC 7421) and of G. kilaueensis have been sequenced. Many genes for photosystem I and II were found missing, likely related to the fact that photosynthesis in these bacteria does not take place in the thylakoid membrane as in other cyanobacteria, but in the plasma membrane.[4][5]
Description
editGloeobacter violaceus produces several pigments, including chlorophyll a, β-carotene, oscillol diglycoside, and echinenone. The purple coloration is due to the relatively low chlorophyll content. G. kilaueensis grows with a few other bacteria as a purple-colored biofilm around 0.5 mm thick. Cultivated colonies are dark purple, smooth, shiny, and raised. G. kilaueensis is mostly unicellular, capsule-shaped, about 3.5×1.5 μm, and imbedded in mucus. They divide over the width of the cell. Cells color gramnegative, and lack vancomycin resistance. They are not motile and do not glide. Growth ceases in complete darkness, so Gloeobacter is very likely obligatory photoautotrophic.[5]
Species and distribution
editGloeobacter violaceus was found on a limestone rock in the Swiss canton Obwalden. G. kilaueensis occurred within a lava cave at the Kilauea-caldera on Hawaii. It grew there at a temperature around 30 °C at very high humidity, with moisture condensing and dripping off the biofilm.
Gloeobacter could have split off from the other cyanobacteria between 3.7 and 3.2 billion years ago.[6] The species of Gloeobacter may have branched 280 million years ago.[5]
Anthocerotibacter panamensis, found in a sample of hornwort from a rainforest in Panama, also lacks thylakoids. It has very few of the genes that are required to perform photosynthesis, but is still able to perform it, very slowly. It may have been split from Gloeobacter about 1.4 Ga ago.[7] According to AlgaeBase this genus is also a member of the family Gloeobacteraceae.[8]
References
edit- ^ Komárek J, Kaštovský J, Mareš J, Johansen JR (2014). "Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach" (PDF). Preslia. 86: 295–335.
- ^ a b Antonia Herrero, Enrique Flores (2008). The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution. Horizon. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8.
- ^ Soo, Rochelle M.; Hemp, James; Hugenholtz, Philip (August 2019). "Evolution of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration in the cyanobacteria". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 140: 200–205. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.029. – describes the non-photosynthetic cyanobacteria obtained from metagenomics and classified into two classes by GTDB
- ^ Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Sato S, et al. (2003). "Complete genome structure of Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421, a cyanobacterium that lacks thylakoids". DNA Res. 10 (4): 137–45. doi:10.1093/dnares/10.4.137. PMID 14621292.
- ^ a b c Saw JH, Schatz M, Brown MV, Kunkel DD, Foster JS, Shick H, et al. (2013). "Cultivation and Complete Genome Sequencing of Gloeobacter kilaueensis sp. nov., from a Lava Cave in Kīlauea Caldera, Hawai'i". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e76376. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876376S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076376. PMC 3806779. PMID 24194836.
- ^ B.E. Schirrmeister; M. Gugger; P.C.J. Donoghue (2015). "Cyanobacteria and the Great Oxidation Event: evidence from genes and fossils". Palaeontology. 58 (5): 1–17. doi:10.1111/pala.12178. PMC 4755140. PMID 26924853.
- ^ New cyanobacteria species spotlights early life. On: ScienceDaily, May 15, 2021
- ^ AlgaeBase: Anthocerotibacter F.-W.Li, 2021