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Hamid Gul

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This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 December 2024.

Hamid Gul HI(M) SI(M) SBt (Urdu: حمید گل‎; 20 November 1936 – 15 August 2015) was a Pakistani three-star general and defence analyst. Gul was notable for serving as the Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989. During his tenure, Gul played an instrumental role in directing ISI support to Afghan resistance groups against Soviet forces in return for funds and weapons from the US, during the Soviet–Afghan War, in co-operation with the CIA.[5]

Hamid Gul
HI(M) SI(M) SBt
حمید گل
13th Director General of the ISI
In office
29 March 1987 – 27 May 1989
Preceded byAkhtar Abdur Rahman
Succeeded byShamsur Rahman Kallu
Corps Commander II Corps
In office
May 1989 – January 1992
Director General Military Intelligence
In office
1983–1987
Personal details
Born
Hamid Gul

(1936-11-20)20 November 1936
Sargodha, Punjab, British India
(now in Punjab, Pakistan)
Died15 August 2015(2015-08-15) (aged 78)
Murree, Punjab, Pakistan
NationalityPakistani
RelativesAhmad Awais (brother-in-law)
Alma materGCU Lahore
PMA Kakul
OccupationRetired army officer and former spymaster
Military service
Allegiance Pakistan
Branch/service Pakistan Army
Years of service1956–1993
RankLieutenant General
Unit19th Lancers, Army Armoured Corps
CommandsCommander II Corps
DG Military Intelligence
DG ISI
Battles/warsIndo-Pakistani War of 1965
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Soviet–Afghan War
Afghan Civil War (1989-1992)
Awards Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)
Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Military)
Sitara-e-Basalat

In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to Kashmiri freedom fighters.[6] against neighbouring rival India in the disputed Kashmir region from 1989,[7] Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.[8][9] For his role against India, he has been considered by A. S. Dulat, former director of RAW, as "the most dangerous and infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."[10]

In 1988, Gul, with the support of General's Aslam Beg[11] and Asad Durrani,[12] played a key role in forming the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI), a conservative political alliance created to prevent the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) led by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto from winning the 1990 Pakistani general election. He appointed Nawaz Sharif as the leader of the IJI, who would later win the election with the help of the ISI.[12][13][14]

On 15 August 2015, he died after suffering a brain haemorrhage.[15][16]

Early life and education

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Hamid Gul was born on 20 November 1936 in Sargodha in the Punjab Province of British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan) into a Punjabi-Pathan family to parents Muhammad Khan and his wife, who originated from Buner Tehsil in Swat District.

Gul ancestrally descended from the Yusufzai tribe of Pashtuns. His father, who was a Subedar-Major in the British Indian Army, moved from Swat to Lahore before settling down in Sargodha, where he got arable land, his grandfather was a Khilafat Movement activist while his great-grandfather Faiz Khan was a Deobandi who participated in the jihad of Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail Dehlvi.[17]

He got his early education from a school in his village. He then received admission into Government College Lahore, before being admitted to Pakistan Military Academy Kakul.[18]

Army career

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Hamid Gul was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in October 1956 with the 18th PMA Long Course in the 19th Lancers regiment of the Armoured Corps. He was a squadron commander during the 1965 war with India. He attended the Command and Staff College Quetta in 1968–69. During 1972–1976, Gul directly served under General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq as a battalion commander, and then as Staff Colonel, when General Zia was GOC, 1st Armoured Division and Commander II Corps at Multan. Thus, Gul had already cemented his ties with General Zia by serving under him when both were officers in the Armoured regiments of the II Corps. Gul was promoted to Brigadier in 1978 and steadily rose to be the Martial Law Administrator of Bahawalpur and then the Commander of the 1st Armoured Division, Multan in 1982, his appointments expressly wished by Zia himself.[citation needed]

Gul was then sent to GHQ as the Director-General or DG Military Intelligence (DGMI)[19] under General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq who then nominated him to be the ISI chief succeeding General Akhtar Abdur Rahman in March 1987. He was later replaced as the ISI commander by PM Benazir Bhutto in May 1989 and Gul was transferred as the commander, II Corps in Multan. In this capacity, Gul conducted the Zarb-e-Momin military exercise in November–December 1989, the biggest Pakistani Armed Forces show of muscle since 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.[citation needed]

General Asif Nawaz upon taking the reins of Pakistan Army in August 1991, had transferred Gul as the DG Heavy Industries Taxila. A menial job compared to Gul's stature, Gul refused to take the assignment, an act for which he was retired from the army.[20]

Director-General of the ISI (1987–1989)

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Afghanistan and the Soviet war

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See also: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan

During his time as head of the ISI amid the Soviet–Afghan War, Gul planned and executed the operation to capture Jalalabad from the Soviet-backed Afghan army in the spring of 1989. This switch to conventional warfare was seen as a mistake by some since the mujahideen did not have the capacity to capture a major city, and the battle did not yield expected ground results.[21] However, the Pakistani army was intent on installing a resistance-backed government in Afghanistan, with Jalalabad as their provisional capital, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf as Prime Minister, and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar as Foreign Minister.

Contrary to Pakistani expectations, this battle proved that the Afghan army could fight without Soviet help, and greatly increased the confidence of government supporters. Conversely, the morale of the mujahideen involved in the attack slumped and many local commanders of Hekmatyar and Sayyaf concluded truces with the government.[22]

Domestic politics

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During his tenure as ISI chief in 1988, General Gul successfully gathered conservative politicians and helped them create IJI, a centre-right conservative coalition united against the left-leaning PPP. Gul later acknowledged his role in IJI's formation in various interviews[23] for which he was harshly rebuked in one of the editorials of a major Pakistani newspaper, which asked the general to apologise first to the PPP for having done so and after that, apologising for a lack of intelligence because the IJI could not maintain its two-thirds majority for long.[24]

Kashmir and India

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See also: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India

According to accusations by Indian commentator B Raman, Gul actively backed Khalistan movement . "When Bhutto became prime minister in 1988", Raman says, "Gul justified backing these insurgents as the only way of pre-empting a fresh Indian threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity. When she asked him to stop playing that card, he reportedly told her: Madam, keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers." "Gul strongly advocated supporting indigenous Kashmiri groups", adds Raman, "but was against infiltrating Pakistani and Afghan mercenaries into Jammu and Kashmir. He believed Pakistan would play into India's hands by doing so."[25]

Pan-Islamism

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Even if the ISI, under General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, was already aiming beyond the region, for instance establishing contacts with jihadi groups like the Abu Sayyaf in the Philippines, it was under Hamid Gul that the ISI definitely took a pan-Islamist turn, as he not only wished for a Pakistan-led Islamic coalition against India, in his own words "a strategic depth concept that links Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan in an alliance" which "would be a jeweled Mughal dagger pointed at the Hindu heart", but also called for what he perceived as the liberation of persecuted Muslim groups all over the world, such as the Eritreans, the Bosniaks, the Rohingyas, the Uzbeks and the Uighurs.[26]

At the time of his death, journalist Abbas Nasir, while offering a critical review of his life and career, said that "commitment to jihad - to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics."[27]

Fallout with United States

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General Gul worked closely with the CIA during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, when he was the ISI head. However, he became dispassionate with the United States after it turned its back on Afghanistan following the 1989 Soviet withdrawal, as the United States had promised to help build a prosperous Afghanistan.[25] He was further disconcerted when the US began punishing Pakistan with economic and military sanctions for its secret nuclear program. General Gul then went on to declare that "the Muslim world must stand united to confront the U.S. in its so-called War on Terrorism, which is in reality a war against Muslims. Let's destroy America wherever its troops are trapped."[28]

Originally unnamed in the 9/11 Commission Report, U.S. officials suspected that Gul had warned the Taliban and Osama bin Laden of the impending cruise missile strike (Operation Infinite Reach) on al-Qaeda's training camps in eastern Afghanistan.[29][30] In a 1998 broadcast interview with Al Jazeera, bin Laden expressed gratitude for the Pakistani government tip-off stating "As for what was said about information reaching us, we, with the help of God, found in Pakistan sympathetic and generous people... We get information from our beloved ones and supporters of jihad against the Americans for the sake of God." When asked if the warning came from official sources, bin Laden responded "I mean the government; groups within the government."[31] U.S. officials also stated that Taliban leaders were told by Gul that he would provide them advanced warning of U.S. missile attacks.[30]

Views on September 11 attacks

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General Gul personally met Osama bin Laden in 1993 and refused to label him a terrorist unless and until irrefutable evidence was provided linking him to alleged acts of terrorism.[32] Only days after the September 11 attacks, Gul also stated his belief that the attacks were "clearly an inside job".[33][34][35]

In an interview with the Qatar-based English news channel Al Jazeera English, Gul further alleged that the September 11th attacks were planned by the United States government, that al-Qaeda's role was uncertain, and that confidence should be taken in bin Laden's denial of responsibility.[36]

The Americans took my name to the United Nations Security Council sanctions committee but the Chinese intervened and they stopped my name [from] being on the terrorist list. They [the United States] did their best. They have not allowed me, in the year 2000 they did not allow me. That means they were planning at the time 2001. 2001 in my opinion, there is a mystery, it's an enigma. It needs to be resolved, and this is the very basic question: 'Was it al-Qaeda that carried it out?' Osama bin Laden is on record to have twice said that he didn't do that, although he said I pray for the people who carried it out, but [he said] 'I didn't do it'. So that mystery has still to be resolved.

— Hamid Gul, Al Jazeera interview in February 2010

Post-retirement career

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According to Zahid Hussain, in his book Frontline Pakistan, Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul and former Army chief General Mirza Aslam Beg were part of the 9 January 2001 Darul Uloom Haqqania Islamic conference held near Peshawar, which was also attended by 300 leaders representing various Islamic groups. The meeting declared it a religious duty of Muslims all over the world to protect the government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, and the Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden it was hosting, whom they considered as a 'great Muslim warrior.'[37]

On 12 March 2007, Gul marched alongside activists from the liberal democratic parties and retired former senior military officers against General Pervez Musharraf. General Gul faced down riot police when they tried to arrest him at a rally outside the Supreme Court in Islamabad protesting against attempts to dismiss Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry.[38]

He turned against the restored Supreme Court chief justice after a bench allowed Musharraf to contest the elections in uniform.[39]

Days after the 2007 Karachi bombings, Benazir Bhutto in a letter to President Musharaf written on 16 October 2007 named Hamid Gul as one of the four persons including the current Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief Ijaz Shah, the then chief minister of Punjab Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, then chief minister of Sindh Arbab Ghulam Rahim, she suspected were behind the attacks.[40] Gul responded furiously to these claims. He was arrested on 4 November by the military police in Islamabad during President Pervez Musharraf's declared state of emergency.[41]

Gul acknowledged his affiliation with Ummah Tameer-e-Nau.[42] United States government prompted Gul's name in a list of 4 former ISI officers for inclusion in the list of international terrorists that was sent to UN Secretary General, but China refused.[43][44]

In 2008 Gul was informed by a senior official in Pakistan's Foreign Ministry that he had been placed on a U.S. watch list of "global terrorists", along with several others. He was shown a U.S. document that detailed several charges against him, including allegations that he had ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Gul rejected these allegations.[45] On 14 December 2008, President Asif Ali Zardari in an interview with Newsweek described Hamid Gul as a "political ideologue" of terror rather than a physical supporter.[46] According to the Daily Telegraph, following the death of Osama bin Laden, Gul opined that US forces had killed him in Afghanistan and moved the body to Abbottabad to humiliate Pakistan.[47]

Family

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His father was a farmer who served in the British Army.[48] He was survived by his wife, who died in October 2019.[49] He has two sons Umar and Abdullah and a daughter Uzma.[50] His son Abdullah Gul, holds the office of Chairman Tehreek-e-Jawanan Pakistan and Kashmir (TJP).[51] His daughter Uzma is the Chairperson Jammu Kashmir Solidarity Movement & Pak Kashmir Women Alliance.[52]

Death

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Gul's last resting place at Army Graveyard, Rawalpindi

Hamid Gul suffered a haemorrhagic stroke in Murree. According to reports, he had been suffering from high blood pressure and headaches for some time.[53] His death was condoled by Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, Former Chief of Army Staff Raheel Sharif, Former Chief of Army Staff Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, Imran Khan and other high officials.[54] Gul is buried at the army cemetery in Westridge, Rawalpindi.

Among his possessions was a piece of the Berlin Wall, gifted to him by the Germans for "delivering the first blow" to the Soviet Union.[47]

Books

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  • Īfāʼe ʻAhd (ايفائے عهد), Lahore : ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2012, 192 p. An account of various political changes in Pakistan; struggles of various forces to destabilize Pakistan and its security. Arranged by Mubīn G̲h̲aznavī.
  • Ek Janral Se Inṭarviyū (ايک جنرل سے انٹرويو), Lahore : ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2013, 200 p. Collection of interviews arranged by Mubīn G̲h̲aznavī.

Awards and decorations

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Hilal-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Crescent of Excellence)

Sitara-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Star of Excellence)

Sitara-e-Basalat

(Star of Good Conduct)

Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War

(War Star 1965)

Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War

(War Star 1971)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

(War Medal 1965)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War

(War Medal 1971)

10 Years Service Medal 20 Years Service Medal 30 Years Service Medal
Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-

Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam

(100th Birth Anniversary of

Muhammad Ali Jinnah)

1976

Hijri Tamgha

(Hijri Medal)

1979

Jamhuriat Tamgha

(Democracy Medal)

1988

Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha

(Resolution Day

Golden Jubilee Medal)

1990

References

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  1. ^ Battle of Jalalabad - Operation Jalalabad - Pak-Afg war, 1989, 13 October 2021, retrieved 6 July 2023
  2. ^ Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark. "Afghanistan – The bear trap – Defeat of a superpower". sovietsdefeatinafghanistan.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
  3. ^ Nasir, Abbas (18 August 2015). "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 4 January 2017. His commitment to jihad – to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil. He then ordered an assault using non-state actors on Jalalabad, the first major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan, with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat of the new administration. This was the spring of 1989 and a furious prime minister, Benazir Bhutto – who was kept in the dark by ... Gul and ... Mirza Aslam Beg – demanded that Gul be removed from the ISI.
  4. ^ Wright, Lawrence (18 August 2015). "Postscript: Hamid Gul, 1936-2015". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  5. ^ Afghanistan War Infoplease.com, 22 July 2007
  6. ^ "Kashmiri youth remember freedom fighter". The Express Tribune. 7 May 2022.
  7. ^ "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air" Time, 28 December 2007
  8. ^ "Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune". 16 August 2015.
  9. ^ "Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar" Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine CNN, 12 March 2010
  10. ^ "A joint venture of spooks", Business Recorder. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  11. ^ "Money arranged at behest of Ghulam Ishaq, Aslam Beg: Habib". 9 March 2012.
  12. ^ a b "Former ISI chief says army money used to influence 1990 Pakistan election". The Guardian. 9 March 2012.
  13. ^ "Hamid Gul accepts responsibility for creating IJI". Dawn (newspaper). 30 October 2012.
  14. ^ "Asghar vs Aslam". 20 January 2019.
  15. ^ "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul". Al Jazeera.
  16. ^ Masood, Salman (16 August 2015). "Hamid Gul, 78, Dies; Backed Militants in Leading Pakistan Spy Agency". The New York Times.
  17. ^ Sirmed, Marvi (18 August 2015). "Adieu General Hamid Gul". The Nation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. General Gul was born to Punjabi Pakhtun family of Yousafzai descent that had migrated from Swat to Lahore, from where his Subedar Major (in the British Indian Army) father got arable land in Sargodha where Gul was born. His grand father participated in the Khilafat Movement while the family was still in Swat. His great grandfather, Faiz Khan, fought in the army (Jamiatul Mujahideen) under the command of Deobandi Islam's ideologue Syed Ismail Shaheed.
  18. ^ "When I met Hamid Gul - Anchal Vohra' Blog". 17 August 2015.
  19. ^ Hamid Hussain, "Undercover Chaos – Role of Pakistani Armed Forces Intelligence Agencies in Domestic Arena" Archived 24 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine Defence Journal, December 2005
  20. ^ Ayaz Amir, "Another myth of independence" Dawn, 23 May 2003
  21. ^ Wright, Lawrence (18 August 2015). "Postscript: Hamid Gul, 1936-2015". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  22. ^ "Rebels without a cause". PBS. 29 August 1989. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
  23. ^ Hameed Gul admits he formed IJI Archived 1 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, The News (Pakistan), 30 August 2009
  24. ^ Editorial: What the generals must apologise for Daily Times, 1 February 2008
  25. ^ a b 'We are walking into the American trap' Rediff.com, 12 February 2004
  26. ^ Owen L. Sirrs, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations, Routledge (2016), p. 133
  27. ^ Abbas Nasir (17 August 2015), "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul", Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  28. ^ God will destroy America, says Hamid Gul Daily Times, 30 August 2003
  29. ^ Coll, Steve (2005). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-14-303466-7.
  30. ^ a b Khan, Zarar (16 August 2015). "Hamid Gul, Pakistan spy chief with anti-American views, dies at 78". The Washington Post.
  31. ^ "FBIS Report: Compilation of Usama bin Laden Statements 1994–January 2004" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. January 2004.
  32. ^ Hamid Gul Interview with Tehelka.com Robert-fisk.com, 14 September 2001
  33. ^ "UPI interview with Hamid Gul". www.upi.com.
  34. ^ Afghanistan Pakistan Imbroglio – Guest: General Hamid Gul. September 1, 2010., soundcloud.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  35. ^ Ten Topics/Ten Shows Archived 16 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, gunsandbutter.org. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  36. ^ Hamid Gul: Former head of Pakistan's intelligence agency | Talk to Al Jazeera (Television production). Al Jazeera English. 18 February 2018. Quote begins at 20:00.
  37. ^ Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam by Zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2007, page 81-82.
  38. ^ Pakistan dictator lashes at 'plotters' The Australian, 19 March 2007
  39. ^ "Criticalppp". criticalppp.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
  40. ^ Shakeel, Syed Faisal PPP demands probe based on Benazir’s letter Dawn (Pakistan), 30 December 2007
  41. ^ Al Jazeera – Reactions To Pakistan Emergency Al Jazeera, 4 November 2007
  42. ^ Former Pakistani Official Denies Links to Lashkar, The Washington Post, 9 December 2008
  43. ^ "Hamid Gul & LeT's Chachu may get official terrorist tag". The Economic Times. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  44. ^ "Hamid Gul: Taliban is the future". Al Jazeera. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  45. ^ Rondeaux, Candace (9 December 2008). "Former Pakistani Intelligence Official Denies Aiding Group Tied to Mumbai Siege". The Washington Post.
  46. ^ "Zardari calls Hamid Gul political ideologue of terror rather than a physical supporter". The Nation. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013.
  47. ^ a b "General Hamid Gul, Pakistan spymaster – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  48. ^ Legg, Paul (27 August 2015). "Hamid Gul obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  49. ^ "Wife of Gen (retd) Hamid Gul passes away". The News. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  50. ^ "Hamid Gul obituary". The Guardian. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  51. ^ "Home". tjp.org.pk.
  52. ^ "UN's role over Kashmir lamentable: PU VC - University of the Punjab - News Updates".
  53. ^ "Former ISI chief Lt-Gen (Retd) Hamid Gul passes away". Raheel Amer. Samaa TV. 15 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  54. ^ "Ex-ISI chief, strategist Hamid Gul is no more – The Express Tribune". 16 August 2015.
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Bibliography

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  • Zahid Hussain. Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  • Husain Haqqani. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
Military offices
Preceded by Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence
1987–1989 		Succeeded by
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