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Gabriel of Białystok (Polish: Gabriel Białostocki; Russian: Гавриил Белостокский, romanized: Gavriil Belostoksky), also known as Gabriel of Zabłudów (Polish: Gabriel Zabłudowski; alternatively Gavrila or Gavriil; April 2 [O.S. March 22] 1684 – April 20, 1690), is a child saint in the Russian Orthodox Church and Polish Orthodox Church. The legend of his death is an example of antisemitic blood libel. His feast day is held on April 20[1][2] (of the Julian Calendar, which equates to May 3[3][4] of the Gregorian Calendar).
Saint Gabriel of Belostok | |
|---|---|
 19th century icon | |
| Martyr | |
| Born | April 2, 1684 |
| Hometown | Zverki |
| Died | May 3, 1690 (aged 6) Białystok, Poland |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Beatified | 13 March 1820 |
| Canonized | 13 September 1820 |
| Feast | 20 April |
| Patronage | Children; sick children |
Life and canonization
editAccording to tradition, six-year-old Gabriel was kidnapped from his home in the village of Zverki (13 km from Zabłudów, Grodno Uezd then Grand Duchy of Lithuania, today's Poland) during the Jewish Passover, while his parents, pious Orthodox Christians Peter and Anastasia Govdel, were working in a nearby field. Shutko, a Jewish arendator of Zverki, was accused of taking the boy to Białystok, piercing him with sharp objects and draining his blood for nine days, before bringing the dead body back to Zverki and dumping it in a local field.[5]
After the discovery of his body, Gabriel was buried in Zverki, in an area of the local cemetery where child plague-fatalities would later be interred. In a funeral of 1720, the grave was accidentally unearthed and the body was found to be supernaturally incorruptibile; the remains were then transferred to the crypt of Zverki's Orthodox church. Gabriel's cult grew over the years, largely due to reputed healings at his grave. In 1746, the relics were transferred to Zabłudów and then onto various locations.[6] When his relics were transferred in 1755 to the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in Slutsk (Russian: Слуцкий Свято-Троицкий монастырь), in the Minsk Guberniya, a placard related that a Jew had been responsible for his death. His cult developed and spread throughout the Russian Empire, and he was canonized in 1820. He is considered the patron saint of children.[5] In the 1930s the relics were transferred to the Minsk Museum of Atheism.[7] In 1944, they were moved to Grodno, where they stayed until 1992 when they were moved to Białystok (Russian: Свято-Никольский собор), where they remain the focus of pilgrimages.[5]
Blood libel concerns
editSome authorities have expressed concern that veneration of Gabriel of Białystok may be used to foment anti-Semitism. In a 1997 report to the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews (UCSJ), first deputy of the Euro-Asiatic Jewish Congress, Yakov Basin suggested:
Contemporary accounts, which claim that Jews murdered a boy in a ritual manner in order to use his blood, are resurrecting the medieval canard that Jews use the blood of Christian babies for their ritual purposes during pre-Passover days. On April 11, 1690, a few days before the beginning of Passover, 6 year-old Gavril Belostoksky was found murdered and drained of his blood in his village of Zverki, which was at the time a Belarusian town, but is now in Polish territory. Soon thereafter, the accusation that he had been murdered by Jews who needed his blood to bake matzoth was spread throughout Belarus. The libel was bolstered in 1844 in Vladimir Dal's book, Investigation of the Murder of Christian Babies by Jews and the Use of Their Blood. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized Gavril in the 20th century as the patron saint of sick children; he is commemorated in the beginning of each May.[8]
On July 27, 1997, a film depiction of the legend surrounding Gabriel's death was aired on Belarusian television which was criticised by Leonid Stonov as a move to "exploit the topic of blood libel."[9] The revival of the cult in Belarus was cited as an expression of antisemitism in US State Department reports on human rights and religious freedoms,[10] which were passed to the UNHCR.[11]
The autocephalous Orthodox Church in America, operating within the communion of Russian Orthodoxy, has continued commemoration of Gabriel of Bialystok as a child martyr and saint[12] but refer to his assailants only as "evil people" in the kontakion read on his feast day, emphasising "the evil of which fallen man is capable, regardless of ethnicity or creed."[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Γαβριὴλ ὁ Μάρτυρας. 20 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
- ^ OCA - Feasts and Saints. Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok. Retrieved: 2012-01-20.
- ^ April 20/May 3 Archived 2014-03-24 at the Wayback Machine. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
- ^ May 3/April 20. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
- ^ a b c (in Russian) Saint Gavriil Belarusian Orthodox Church]
- ^ Petrovska, Anna. "Prawosławne uroczystości ku czci Męczennika Gabriela w Zwierkach". Polskie Radio Białystok. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ "Mystagogy Resource Center".
- ^ July 1997. Blood Libel Accusation Revived Archived 2006-05-08 at archive.today Belarus Report, Dr. Yakov Basin, August 10, 1997. UCSJ Position Paper. Belarus - Chronicle of Antisemitism. April–December, 1997.
- ^ Stonov, Leonid (2 September 1997). Неужели новое на постсоветском пространстве - это только незабытое старое? [Is the New in the Post-Soviet Space Only the Forgotten Old?]. Vestnik (in Russian). 19 (173).
- ^ Belarus. International Religious Freedom Report 2006 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
- ^ UNHCR - U.S. Department of State Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2006 - Belarus
- ^ "Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok". Orthodox Church in America. OCA. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ Prokurat, Michael, ed. (1996). The A to Z of the Orthodox Church. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-8108-7602-6.
External links
edit- (in Russian) National-Patriotic Tendencies in the Belarusian Media by Vyacheslav Feigin, Yakov Basin. The "Judaica Rossica" series, #2.
- (in Russian) Святой Гавриил biography of St. Gavriil, Белорусская Православная Церковь
- (in Russian) Is Judeophobia Ever Going to End in Belarus? by David Meltser (Vestnik magazine)
- (in Russian) Antisemitism in Belarus (2005) by Yakov Basin
- (in Greek) Great Synaxaristes: Ὁ Ἅγιος Γαβριὴλ ὁ Μάρτυρας. 20 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.