G-banding, G banding or Giemsa banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to produce a visible karyotype by staining condensed chromosomes. It is the most common chromosome banding method.[1] It is useful for identifying genetic diseases (mainly chromosomal abnormalities) through the photographic representation of the entire chromosome complement.[2]
Method
editThe metaphase chromosomes are treated with trypsin (to partially digest the chromosome) and stained with Giemsa stain. Heterochromatic regions, which tend to be rich with adenine and thymine (AT-rich) DNA and relatively gene-poor, stain more darkly in G-banding. In contrast, less condensed chromatin (Euchromatin)—which tends to be rich with guanine and cytosine (GC-rich) and more transcriptionally active—incorporates less Giemsa stain, and these regions appear as light bands in G-banding.[3] The pattern of bands are numbered on each arm of the chromosome from the centromere to the telomere. This numbering system allows any band on the chromosome to be identified and described precisely.[4] The reverse of G‑bands is obtained in R‑banding. Staining with Giemsa confers a purple color to chromosomes, but micrographs are often converted to grayscale to facilitate data presentation and make comparisons of results from different laboratories.[5]
The less condensed the chromosomes are, the more bands appear when G-banding. This means that the different chromosomes are more distinct in prophase than they are in metaphase.[6]
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Micrograph of human male chromosomes using Giemsa staining for G banding. -
Micrograph of human male chromosomes using Giemsa stain, followed by sorting and grayscaling.
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Advantage
editIt is difficult to identify and group chromosomes based on simple staining because the uniform colour of the structures makes it difficult to differentiate between the different chromosomes. Therefore, techniques like G‑banding were developed that made "bands" appear on the chromosomes. These bands were the same in appearance on the homologous chromosomes, thus, identification became easier and more accurate.
Types of banding
editOther types of cytogenic banding are listed below:
| Banding type | Staining method |
|---|---|
| C-banding | Constitutive heterochromatin |
| G-banding | Giemsa stain |
| Q-banding | Quinacrine |
| R-banding | Reverse Giemsa staining |
| T-banding | Telomeric |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Maloy, Stanley R.; Hughes, Kelly (2013). Brenner's encyclopedia of genetics. San Diego, CA. ISBN 978-0-08-096156-9. OCLC 836404630.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Speicher, Michael R. and Nigel P. Carter. "The New Cytogenetics: Blurring the Boundaries with Molecular Biology." Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol 6. Oct 2005.
- ^ Romiguier J, Roux C (2017). "Analytical Biases Associated with GC-Content in Molecular Evolution". Front Genet. 8: 16. doi:10.3389/fgene.2017.00016. PMC 5309256. PMID 28261263.
- ^ Nussbaum, Robert; McInnes, Roderick; Willard, Huntington (2015). Thompson & Thompson, Genetics in Medicine (Eighth ed.). Canada: Elsevier Inc. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4377-0696-3.
- ^ Lee M. Silver (1995). Mouse Genetics, Concepts and Applications. Chapter 5.2: KARYOTYPES, CHROMOSOMES, AND TRANSLOCATIONS. Oxford University Press. Revised August 2004, January 2008
- ^ Nussbaum, McInnes, Willard (21 May 2015). Genetics in Medicine. Elsevier. pp. 57–73. ISBN 978-1-4377-0696-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)