Wikipedia

Nudity and protest

(Redirected from Free beach movement)

Nudity is sometimes used as a tactic during a protest to attract media and public attention to a cause, and sometimes promotion of public nudity is itself the objective of a nude protest.[1] The practice was first documented in the 1650s with Quakers "naked as a sign" practice.[2] Later the tactic was used by svobodniki in Canada in 1903, and photographs of their nude protests have been published. The tactic has been used by other groups later in the century, especially after the 1960s. Like public nudity in general, the cultural and legal acceptance of nudity as a tactic in protest also varies around the world. Some opponents of any public nudity claim that it is indecent, especially when it can be viewed by children; while others argue that it is a legitimate form of expression covered by the right to free speech.

1903 protest of Canadian immigration policy change, by Spiritual Christian Freedomites in Saskatchewan.
Nude people protesting San Francisco's nudity ban

Even in places where public nudity is tolerated, it is still unexpected enough that its use by activists as a deliberate tactic is often successful in attracting publicity from the media. For example, on July 19, 2020, a young woman wearing only a face mask and stocking cap, later dubbed "Naked Athena" by reporters, confronted police in Portland, Oregon, during George Floyd protests. Despite the deployment of pepper balls and tear gas, she posed for police for several minutes before they withdrew. Photographs of her action went viral.[3]

Some nude activism is not to promote a particular cause, but rather to promote public nudity itself, or to change community perceptions of the naked human body, or as an expression of a personal desire to be nude in public.

Single issue protests

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Anti-fur campaign

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People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has used nudity to draw attention to its anti-fur campaign.[4] Between 1992 and 2020, PETA ran their "I'd rather go naked than wear fur" campaign featuring celebrities, actors and models. In 2020, PETA discontinued the campaign after a majority of fashion houses and high street stores stopped using fur.[5]

Brexit

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On 29 June 2016, Cambridge academic, Victoria Bateman walked into a meeting of the Faculty of Economics while naked in protest against the results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. She had written on her breasts and stomach "Brexit leaves Britain naked".[6]

Canada-US Free Trade

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Two "Topless Disturbance" protests took place on Canada's Parliament Hill against the proposed (and then finalized) Canada-US Free Trade Agreement, in 1987 and 1988.[citation needed]

Land rights

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Women in the Amuru district of Uganda protested about their loss of land for farming.[7]

 
A nude woman demonstrates for sex workers' rights at Folsom Street Fair, US

Peace and anti-war

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Groups used nudity to protest the Iraq War. Groups using their bodies to form words and symbols to convey their message included Baring Witness.[8]

The African curse of nakedness

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Main article: Anasyrma

In some parts of Africa, women have used stripping naked on purpose as a curse,[9] both historically, and in modern times. The idea is that women give life and they can take it away. The curse initiates an extreme form of ostracism, which anthropologist Terisa Turner has likened to "social execution". The curse extends to foreign men as well, and is believed to cause impotence, madness or other similar harm.[10] The threat has been used successfully in mass protests against the petroleum industry in Nigeria,[11] by Leymah Gbowee and Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace during the Second Liberian Civil War,[12][13] and against President Laurent Gbagbo of the Ivory Coast.[14] In 2002 in Nigeria, members of the Niger Delta Women for Justice occupied a platform for oil extraction run by ChevronTexaco in order to protest against negative consequences of oil extraction and missing labor rights. When the military arrived to remove the protestors, the women threatened the soldiers to naked curse them. The soldiers did not touch the women.[15]

A group of about 16 women bared their buttocks and stormed into the offices of the African National Congress (ANC) in Tshwane. The women were protesting against the outcome of an ANC Tshwane branch general meeting. The women claimed bouncers, armed with pangas and firearms, stormed the meeting and stopped them from participating in the voting process to elect the new branch committee.[16]

Equal facilities for female athletes

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To demand fuller implementation of the United States legislation Title IX, the 1976 Yale University women's rowing team held a naked protest. Pointing attention to their inadequate training facilities were more than a dozen team members, including Christine Ernst, Anne Warner and Ginny Gilder. [17][18][19][20][21]

Transgender rights

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In November 2011, a transgender woman from Morristown, Tennessee was arrested and jailed for 21 days for indecent exposure after removing her top in the parking lot of her local department of motor vehicles after they refused to alter the gender designation on her driver's license from male to female. This was despite the fact that the U.S. federal government Social Security office already had done so. As it is legal for a man to go topless in public and since the Tennessee Department of Public Safety refused to recognise her as female,[22] Ms. Jones decided to protest her treatment by going topless, stating "if I was a male, I had the right to, when I stepped out the door, take off my shirt... It's not right for the state to ask me to be both male and female. A choice needs to be made. They cannot hold me to both standards."[23]

Femicide is Genocide

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In June 2017, more than 100 women stripped naked in front of the president's palace, Casa Rosada, in Buenos Aires, Argentina to protest against violence against women.[24]

Women's rights in Islamic countries

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Naked Israeli women pose for a photograph in Tel Aviv, November 19, 2011, to show solidarity with Egyptian blogger Aliaa Magda Elmahdy, who put naked pictures of herself on the Internet, support free expression and protest against Islamic extremism. The banner reads: "Love With No Boundaries"

Following the Arab Spring in the early 2010s, women in Islamic counties made personal protests opposing the restrictions on their freedom by posting nude photographs of themselves on the internet. Aliaa Magda Elmahdy an Egyptian and Amina Tyler from Tunisia fled to Europe to escape legal and religious threats.

Human gene editing

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On 8 February 2017, artist Rick Gibson walked naked in front of the Vancouver Law Courts in the middle of winter to protest Canada's ban of genetic engineering of the human genome. He walked nude in downtown Vancouver for 11 minutes, 45.75 seconds in a light rain and a temperature of 7 °C (45 °F).[25][26]

Public nudity movements

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Activists Terri Sue Webb and Daniel Johnson being handcuffed and led away by police after a protest in Bend, Oregon on 2 May 2002

Not all people who engage in public nudity see themselves as nudists or naturists or belong to traditional naturist or nudist organizations. Several activists, such as Vincent Bethell, claim that associations with naturism or nudism are unnecessary. Others will point out that many people who participate in events such as clothing-optional bike rides or visit clothing-optional beaches do so casually and without association or formal affiliation to groups or movements. Activist Daniel Johnson believes that labels and affiliations overly complicate a relatively simple phenomenon, alienate others from a fear of over-commitment or undesirable stereotypes, and thus get in the way of integrating nudity into everyday life.

Clothing-optional bike rides

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Main article: Clothing-optional bike ride
 
London WNBR participants

World Naked Bike Ride (WNBR) is an international clothing-optional bike ride in which participants plan, meet and ride together en masse on human-powered transport (the vast majority on bicycles, and fewer on skateboards, rollerblades, roller skates) to "protest oil dependency and celebrate the power and individuality of our bodies".[1] This represents one of the few events that combine elements that could be described as pro nudity and pro cycling (as well as environmental).

Many of the political rides have their roots from Critical Mass and are often described or categorized as a form of political protest, street theatre, party-on-wheels, streaking, public nudity and clothing-optional recreation and thus attracts a wide range of participants. Since 1996 Critical Tits has been hosting a "raucous topless bicycle joyride" on Friday afternoon at the annual Burning Man festival in Nevada.[27]

The Spanish movement, Manifestación Ciclonudista Mundial[28] has had rides predating WNBR (since 2001) and has since spread to other countries in Europe.

FEMEN

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Main article: FEMEN
 
FEMEN protest in support of Aliaa Magda Elmahdy, Oksana Shachko pictured here in March 2012
 
A FEMEN France protester, 2012

The protest group FEMEN (founded in 2008 in Ukraine[29]) regularly stages topless protests against sex tourists, international marriage agencies, sexism and other social ills.[29][30][31][32][33] These protests received worldwide press coverage in 2009.[32][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Since late 2011 FEMEN operations became not limited to Ukraine and they have demonstrated in other European countries including non-Ukrainian protesters.[29][42][43] FEMEN justifies its provocative methods stating "If we staged simple protests with banners, then our claims would not have been noticed".[citation needed] FEMEN receives small financial backing by individuals.[41][44][45] In January 2012, three members of the group staged a topless protest at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.[46] In October 2013 FEMEN had its largest membership in France (30 FEMEN France local activists in January 2013[47]).[29] In October 2012 the organization claimed it had about 40 activists in Ukraine, and another 100 who had joined their protests abroad.[48]

Naturist and nudist movements

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There are a number of groups and individuals campaigning for the right to be naked in public.

Urbanudista

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A group led by Avril X called UrbaNudismo has led several casual nudity excursions in high visibility public urban environments in Brazil as well as some Western European countries.[49]

APNEL

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APNEL is the prominent French nudity rights group.[50]

NAKTIV

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Naktiv.net is a generic Naked Activities site.[51]

Denmark

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In 1969, in Denmark, 300 individuals participated in a naked "wade-in" at a Danish beach, which helped push forward a reform of public policy.[citation needed] It is now allowable to be naked at any public beach in Denmark with only two major exceptions: Holmsland Klit and Hennestrand. The remaining 4,700 kilometers of Danish coast are clothing-optional.

 
Protesters gathered outside a courthouse on 17 Feb 2005 to protest against the arrest of Simon Oosterman (second from left), Auckland's 2005 WNBR organiser.

Ireland

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The Irish Naturism Association is the Republic of Ireland's nudist group. As of April 2018, it was "the fastest growing naturist association in Europe" with 231 members.[52]

In July 2016, Carina Fitzpatrick, a female concert-goer at the KnockanStockan music festival in County Wicklow, Ireland, was arrested for revealing her breasts at the concert in an attempt to highlight the inequality between men being able to go topless during outdoor summer events whereas women can not.[53][54][55][56] The incident opened up a conversation about women's bodily autonomy and nudism in Ireland.[57][58][59][60]

United States

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  • Naturist Action Committee[61] – NAC is a non-profit donor-supported organization that promotes and defends naturist interests in the courts, before legislative bodies, at universities, and to local business communities
  • Friends of Disco Beach, Magnuson Beach Bares, Seattle Free Beach Campaign and Body Freedom Collaborative in Seattle
  • Free Beach USA
  • Barbara LaFleur walked nude into two stores in Saratoga Springs, NY in 2012 as a protest for naturist rights. "She is just a person who believes in the freedom of nudism. That was her explanation", said Saratoga County District Attorney James Murphy III.[62][63]

Australia

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The short-lived Naturist Lifestyle Party in New South Wales, Australia, aimed "to bring naturism into the public eye, and to get an equitable allocation of public resources to those who support the naturist lifestyle."[64] Gerald Ganglbauer convened Free Beach Action NSW, a lobby group for naturism in New South Wales.[65]

Netherlands

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Robbert Broekstra (now deceased) was involved in a group called "Friends of Nature". They would often go for naked excursions on public lands, sometimes in urban areas, often taking pictures. He was also involved in INIC (International Naturist Information Center). He authored the book Robbert Broekstra's Nude World[66] and his group appeared in "Naked Travels 1", by Charles MacFarland.

Germany

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  • Wald-FKK – German movement for the liberalisation of public nudity. Founder Peter Niehenke was fined several times for indecent exposure because he went running nude in public spaces.
  • Nacktwandern – German movement for the freedom to hike in the nude.
  • Integral Nactiv – Nacktiv is a combination of the German word "nackt" (naked) and "aktiv" (active).[67]

The Freedom to be Yourself

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The Freedom to be Yourself campaign (TFTBY or FTBY) was founded in 1998 by Vincent Bethell. The group, according to Bethell is about "the right to be naked in public". Supporters of TFTBY organized several grassroots naked protests in public in London; protests also took place in Brighton, Bristol, Birmingham, Coventry, and some in the United States.

Terri Sue Webb is an activist living in Bend, Oregon, who was one of few activists in the United States active in the TFTBY campaign. She has been imprisoned and released multiple times for public nudity. On several occasions she has remained nude while incarcerated, often resulting in a much longer jail sentence. There has been quite a bit of media coverage of her activities. Daniel Johnson went nude with her in public on two occasions in 2001 and 2002.

Vincent Bethell made legal history[68][69] in January 2001 by being the first defendant to stand trial naked in a UK court. The trial was at Southwark Crown Court London. Vincent was naked throughout this court case, and was found not guilty.[70][71] Stephen Gough, also known as "Steve Gough" and "the naked rambler", is an activist from Eastleigh, Hampshire, famous for walking the length of Great Britain from Land's End to John o' Groats in 2003–2004 and again in 2005–2006 (that year accompanied by his girlfriend Melanie Roberts), with nothing on except boots, socks, rucksack and sometimes a hat. He has been arrested several times and put in prison in the course of his rambles. In his last walk he was only arrested twice in England, and released almost immediately, but due to the different legal system and laws in Scotland, he was arrested many more times after crossing the border and spent time in HMP Edinburgh, then moved to HMP Barlinnie Glasgow in June 2008.[72]

Richard Collins has been cycling naked through his home town of Cambridge, England for some time. He had been organizing several protests on the TFTBY Stop Segregation discussion group (no longer in existence). Collins has been arrested numerous times and released, although he was convicted of an offence under section 5, Public Order Act 1986, in Bournemouth, England, on 13 June 2011 after his nude cycling attracted complaints approximately 12 months earlier.[73] He was in the news again in 2023 when asked to leave a Wetherspoons pub.[74]

Topfreedom

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Protest for topfree equal rights
Main article: Topfreedom

The topfreedom movement has challenged the law in a number of countries, especially in North America and in Europe, on sex equality grounds arguing that the present public indecency laws discriminate against women. The movement advocates equal rights for women to be topfree in the same circumstances that a man is permitted to be bare-chested.

The Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)[75] is a Canadian organization which endeavors to assist women who are having legal troubles exercising their rights to be topfree. Their website states that they serve both Canada and the United States. The organization also aims to inform and educate the public about topfreedom, and to change laws against topfreedom in North American jurisdictions. GoTopless goes further and organizes demonstrations to protest against the legal and public attitude to the inequality. In Sweden, Bara Bröst is active in advancing topfreedom,[76][77] as is Topless Front in Denmark.[78] In France, the feminist collective Les TumulTueuses has the slogan: "My body if I want, when I want, like it is" ("Mon corps si je veux, quand je veux, tel qu'il est").[79][80]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Alaimo, Stacy (2010). "The naked word: The trans-corporeal ethics of the protesting body". Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory. 20 (1): 15–36. doi:10.1080/07407701003589253. ISSN 0740-770X. S2CID 143828901.  – via Taylor & Francis (subscription required)
  2. ^ Carroll, Kenneth L. (1978). "Early Quakers and "Going Naked as a Sign"". Quaker History. 67 (2): 69–87. ISSN 0033-5053. JSTOR 41946859.
  3. ^ Ryan Nguyen (19 July 2020). "'Naked Athena': The story behind the surreal photos of Portland protester". The Oregonian.
  4. ^ Lunceford, Brett (2012). Naked politics : nudity, political action, and the rhetoric of the body. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739167090.
  5. ^ Deighton, Katie (5 February 2020). "As Peta retires 'I'd Rather Go Naked', its creator looks back on 30 years of sexy activism". The Drum.
  6. ^ Espinoza, Javier (1 July 2016). "'Brexit leaves Britain naked': Cambridge academic stages nude protest against outcome of EU referendum". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  7. ^ Were, Joseph (3 May 2015). "Uganda: Elderly Women Strip Naked in Protest against Re-demarcation of National Game Park Land". The Independent (Kamplala). Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  8. ^ "Baring Witness". Baring Witness. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
  9. ^ Guyson, Nangayi (10 June 2016). "Undress for redress: The rise of naked protests in Africa". African Arguments. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  10. ^ The Curse of Nakedness Archived 2012-08-21 at the Wayback Machine. Imow.org. Retrieved on 7 October 2011.
  11. ^ Naked Ploy Is Latest Threat in Oil Wars Archived 2012-07-11 at the Wayback Machine. Commondreams.org (2002-07-31). Retrieved on 7 October 2011.
  12. ^ Leymah Gbowee and Abigail Disney Shoot for Peace in Liberia. Oprah.com. Retrieved on 7 October 2011.
  13. ^ "Bill Moyers Journal . Watch & Listen – PBS". PBS. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  14. ^ "The Ivory Coast Effect" (article). The New Yorker. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  15. ^ Kraushaar 2015.
  16. ^ Moatshe, Rapula (19 January 2016). "ANC women bare bottoms in protest". Pretoria News. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  17. ^ Gilder, Ginny (2015). Course correction : a story of rowing and resilience in the wake of Title IX. Internet Archive. Boston : Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-7477-0.
  18. ^ Connolly, John (19 June 2012). "Ernst honored for courageous stand". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  19. ^ Daniel J. Boyne, The Red Rose Crew: A True Story of Women, Winning, and the Water, Lyon Press, 2005, p. 176 ISBN 1592287581 via Google Books.
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  21. ^ "Team". www.algorand.com.
  22. ^ Nair, Monica (15 November 2011). "Morristown transgender woman says she went topless to make a statement". WATE.com. Knoxville, TN. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012.
  23. ^ Wong, Curtis (16 November 2011). "Andrea Jones, Tennessee Transgender Woman, Goes Topless In DMV Protest (VIDEO)". Huffington Post.
  24. ^ Hartley-Parkinson, Richard (2 June 2017). "Naked feminists stage screaming protest for violence against women". Metro. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  25. ^ Smith, Charlie (7 February 2017). "Snffy the Rat artist plans a naked walk in downtown Vancouver". The Georgia Straight. Vancouver, Canada. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  26. ^ Griffin, Kevin (10 February 2017). "ART SEEN: Performance art protest gets cheeky in downtown Vancouver". Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, Canada. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  27. ^ "Critical Tits Party FAQs". www.criticaltits.com. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  28. ^ "Manifestación Ciclonudista". 4 April 2004. Archived from the original on 4 April 2004.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  29. ^ a b c d Fearless … and topless: Femen activists to bring 'sextremism' to the UK, theguardian.com (19 October 2013)
  30. ^ Femen wants to move from public exposure to political power, Kyiv Post (April 28, 2010)
  31. ^ High voter turnout in snow, cold shows triumph of democracy, Kyiv Post (January 21, 2010)
  32. ^ a b Ukraine protest over NZ 'win a wife' competition prize, BBC News (2 March 2011)
  33. ^ Ukraine feminists protest ‘Win a Wife’ competition Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Khaleej Times (1 March 2011)
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  42. ^ Keywords: FEMEN, UNIAN
    FEMEN takes its act to Paris, Kyiv Post (1 November 2011)
    FEMEN participate in Berlusconi protests, Kyiv Post (2 November 2011)
    Huffington Post: FEMEN, Ukrainian women's rights group, protests Russian election, Kyiv Post (9 December 2011)
    Ukraine topless activists raise SOS from Belarus, Kyiv Post (20 December 2011)
    Turkey acts to better protect women from abuse, Kyiv Post (9 March 2012)
  43. ^ Naked Protesters Draw Attention at Moscow Polling Station, The Wall Street Journal (4 March 2012)
  44. ^ (in Ukrainian) Femen: "Ми даємо чиновникам і політикам, проср...тися", Табло ID (September 20, 2010)
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  53. ^ Courtney, Lorraine (29 July 2016). "Nipple drama shows we still have a lot of growing up to do about women's bodies". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
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  60. ^ "Last weekend 2 arrests were made..." Irish Naturist Association (Facebook group). 30 July 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  61. ^ Morton, Robert. "Naturist Action Committee". naturistaction.org.
  62. ^ "Naked woman facing public lewdness charges after walking into two New York stores". New York Post. 17 May 2012.
  63. ^ David Lohr (18 May 2012). "Barbara Lafleur's Naked Shopping Spree Attracts The Eyes Of The Law (VIDEO)". Huffington Post.
  64. ^ In October 2006, party Secretary and parliamentary candidate Sylvia Else announced the party was dissolved: "NLP winding up." (Topic), in aus.culture.naturist at Google Groups
  65. ^ "One man's nakedness ambition". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  66. ^ Broekstra, Robbert (1997). Nude World. Internaturally. ISBN 978-0-9636805-2-5.
  67. ^ Anita & Wolfgang Gramer. "Nackt und aktiv, Bücher über nackte Menschen in der Öffentlichkeit". Nacktiv.de. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  68. ^ Millward, David (11 January 2001). "Buff justice as naked artist is cleared by jury". London: Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  69. ^ Judd, Terri (11 January 2001). "Nudist campaigner walks from court a free (and naked) man – This Britain, UK". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  70. ^ "UK | Nudist 'not a public nuisance'". BBC News. 10 January 2001. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  71. ^ Tania Branigan (11 January 2001). "Injustice laid bare by naked campaigner | UK news". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  72. ^ "report in University of Edinburgh School of Law's Scots Law News". Archived from the original on 13 February 2009.
  73. ^ Magee, Julie (4 May 2011). "Naked cyclist appears in court". Bournemouth Daily Echo.
  74. ^ Shaw, Neil (13 November 2023). "Nudist asked to leave Wetherspoon after bending for a poppadom". Cambridgeshire Live.
  75. ^ "Topfree Equal Rights Association". www.tera.ca. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  76. ^ "Swedes fight for topless rights". Metro.co.uk. 19 November 2007.
  77. ^ Victory for topless bathers Article from The Local
  78. ^ "Topløs svømning har altid været tilladt". Politiken. 19 December 2009.
  79. ^ Mon corps si je veux, quand je veux, comme il est Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine Tumultueuses website
  80. ^ "Des féministes enlèvent le haut dans une piscine à Paris". L'Obs. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2015.

Further reading

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Articles

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Press coverage

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Filmography

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  • Being Human A film by Lisa Seidenberg, 31 minutes, 2003 Metro Video
  • Taboo – 40 Years of Censorship. Part 1 of 4: Shock of the Nude; BBC2 Television series ran at 9:50 pm (40 mins). Aired Wednesday, 21 November 2001.

Videos and pictures

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nudity in demonstrations and protests.
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