English: Natural seeps on the north bank of the Niobrara River in the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge. These seeps are flowing down the face of the Rosebud Formation from the contact with the looser sands of the Valentine Formation above.[1]
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↑Geologic Formations. Niobrara National Scenic River. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2024-02-24. " Valentine Formation -- Beneath the Ash Hollow is the Valentine Formation. This loosely-consolidated sandstone crumbles easily, but holds the primary source of the Niobrara River in this area: the Ogallala, or High Plains, aquifer. About 70% of the water in the river comes directly from groundwater. Rosebud Formation -- A finer-grained siltstone, the reddish-hued Rosebud forms the "floor" of the Ogallala aquifer. Water cannot seep into the rock as easily as it can in the Valentine, and a stream cannot cut down through it as quickly. There are more than 200 spring-fed waterfalls found along the scenic portion of the river, and most are "held up" by the Rosebud formation."
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