English: This 1867 map by Adolf Bastian shows part of Outer Annam (Dang Ngoai) and Lũy Thầy (or Luy Say), The Defense Wall by the Teacher Dao Duy Tu, separating Inner Annam (Dang Trong) from Out Annam. For more details, see Vu Quoc Loc (2023a) Notes on Vietnam History[1], Internet Archive, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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Captions
Lũy Thầy (The Defense Wall by the Teacher) or in German "Alter Grenzwall" (Old Border Wall)