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On 8 March 1985, a car bomb exploded between 9[3] and 45 metres[4] from the house of Shia cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah in Beirut, Lebanon, in a failed assassination attempt by a Lebanese counter-terrorism unit linked to the Central Intelligence Agency.[2] The bombing killed 80 people and injured 200, almost all civilians.[1][3]
| March 1985 Beirut car bombing | |
|---|---|
| Part of Lebanese Civil War | |
 | |
| Location | Bir al-Abed, Beirut |
| Coordinates | 33°51′09″N 35°30′38″E / 33.8524°N 35.5105°E |
| Date | 8 March 1985 |
| Target | Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah |
Attack type | Car bombing, attempted assassination |
| Deaths | 80[1] |
| Injured | ~200 |
| Perpetrator | CIA linked Lebanese counter-terrorism unit[2] |
Beirut experienced three other deadly car bombs in following months on 22 May, 14 August and 18 August 1985.[5]
The blast
editThe bomb explosion, estimated to have been equivalent to 200 kg (440 lbs) of dynamite,[3] occurred in the western Beirut suburb of Bir al-Abed, outside an apartment building. It killed worshippers, mostly women and girls, leaving Friday prayer services at an adjacent mosque, and destroyed two 7-story apartment buildings and a cinema.[6]
While several of Fadlallah's bodyguards were killed in the attack, the cleric escaped injury as he was attending Friday prayers at a nearby mosque.[6]
Locals fired guns in the air, following the blast, trying to clear the roads to allow ambulances to pass.[7] A banner was strung across the blast site by locals, reading "Made in USA."[8]
Historical context
editIn 1976, Gerald Ford became the first U.S. president to forbid political assassination, in the wake of the Church Commission,[9] issuing Executive Order 11905.[10] In 1981, President Ronald Reagan strengthened the policy with Executive Order 12333, which decreed that "No person employed by or acting on behalf of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, assassination." This Executive Order remains in effect today.[10][11]
The Beirut car bombing occurred "within the continuously evolving framework of an American 'preemption' counterterror program".[9] Following the 1983 United States embassy bombing, 1983 Beirut barracks bombings, and the 1984 U.S. embassy annex bombing, the U.S. military considered a range of retaliatory options, but it was unclear that these would have any deterrent value. On 14 November 1983, Then-president Ronald Reagan authorized a retaliatory strike, but Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger did not authorize U.S. aircraft to take off for reasons that have not been disclosed.[12] CIA director William Casey, along with CIA General Counsel Stanley Sporkin, favored the use of preemptive counter-terrorism practices in Lebanon; others, including Deputy Director of Central Intelligence John N. McMahon, did not approve of the strategy, concerned that it would violate Executive Order 12333.[9]
Responsibility
editIn June 1985, the Washington Post reported that a CIA supported counter terrorism unit, made up of Lebanese Intelligence officers and others, was responsible for the bombing. They reported that the CIA did not authorize the bombing and had no direct links to the bombers. A Lebanese intelligence source said the CIA knew of plans for the bombing but did not want involvement because of the dangers to civilians.[2] The CIA denied any complicity in the bombing. A House intelligence committee, in June 1985, said there was no evidence the CIA "encouraged or participated in any terrorist activity in Lebanon" or had knowledge of the bombing beforehand.[1]
In the aftermath of the bombing, US officials cancelled its Beirut based counterterrorism operation, that trained Lebenese counterterrorism units, because of indirect links between the CIA and the bombing.[1][2]
In 1987, reporter Bob Woodward wrote that CIA director William Casey, on his deathbed, had admitted personal culpability in the attack, which he suggests was carried out with funding from Saudi Arabia.[13] Fadlallah would later suggest the amount $3,000,000 as the price that had been offered by the Saudis for Casey to arrange the bombing.[14] Woodward suggests that Fadlallah accepted $2 million from the Saudis to stop attacks from Hezbollah.[13] Asked about the allegations, President Reagan responded, "Never would I sign anything that would authorize an assassination... I never have, and I never will, and I didn't."[13] William Casey's widow strongly denied that Woodward had spoken to Casey in hospital before his death.[13]
The U.S. National Security Advisor, Robert McFarlane, stated that those responsible for the bomb may have had American training, but asserted that they were "rogue operative[s]," and the CIA in no way sanctioned or supported the attack.[15] Woodward's own account of his conversation with Casey suggests that Casey's action was "off the books".[13] [16]
Several Lebanese politicians, such as Selim Hoss, blamed Israel for the attack, saying: "there is no doubt that Israel is behind this ugly crime".[17] Hezbollah claimed that it had found a network of cooperation between the CIA, the Mossad, the Lebanese Army and the Kataeb Party.[18]
Aftermath
editA car bomb on 22 May killed 48 people. Another on 14 August killed 15 people, and a bomb on 18 August exploded in a Christian suburb of East Beirut causing the death of 50 people. It was one of the worst explosions to take place in the city's east, which was relatively calm compared to the west.[5]
A former CIA operative maintains that the failed 1985 attempt tarnished the CIA's reputation.[19]
In Literature
editThe car bombing is described in Ken Follet's 2014 historical novel "Edge of Eternity".
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Babcock, Charles R.; Woodward, Bob (23 June 1985). "CIA Denies Part in Bombing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d "C.I.A. Linked to Beirut Bomb". The New York Times. Associated Press. 12 May 1985. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ a b c "60 Killed by Beirut Car Bomb". The Guardian. 9 March 1985. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ Davis, Mike (18 April 2006). "A History of the Car Bomb (Part 2): Car Bombs with Wings". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 19 April 2006.
- ^ a b "Car Bomb Kills 50 in Christian Area near East Beirut". The New York Times. Associated Press. 18 August 1985. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ^ a b Smith, William E. (27 May 1985). "Lebanon Blackmail in Beirut". Time. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ "1985: Beirut Car Bomb Kills Dozens". BBC News. n.d. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ Bovard, James (1 June 2004). "Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration". The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ a b c Chasdi, Richard J. (March 2012). "Counterterror Failure: The Fadlallah Assassination Attempt". In Weitz, Richard (ed.). Project on National Security Reform: Case Studies Working Group Report. Vol. 2. Strategic Studies Institute. pp. 303–374. ISBN 978-1-58487-512-3. JSTOR resrep11953.10.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ a b Hosmer, Stephen T. (2001). Operations Against Enemy Leaders. RAND. p. 10. doi:10.7249/MR1385. ISBN 0-8330-3028-0.
- ^ Addicott, Jeffrey F. (2004). Terrorism Law: The Rule of Law and the War on Terror (2nd ed.). Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-913875-75-9.
- ^ Zenko, Micah (9 October 2012). "Don't Just 'Do Something'". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Zoglin, Richard (12 October 1987). "Did a Dead Man Tell No Tales?". Time. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Cochrane, Paul (5 July 2004). "Will U.S. Foreign Policy Increase Terrorism?". Worldpress.org. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Terrorist Attacks on Americans, 1979–1988". PBS. n.d. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
- ^ Woodward, Bob (September 2001). "Interview: Bob Woodward". PBS (Interview). Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ Hijazi, Ihsan A. (9 March 1985). "Car Bomb Kills 62 Outside Beirut near Home of a Top Shiite Cleric". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ Boustany, Nora (6 March 1988). "Beirut Bomb's Legacy Suspicion and Tears". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ Entous, Adam; Osnos, Evan (3 February 2020). "Qassem Suleimani and How Nations Decide to Kill". The New Yorker. Retrieved 4 February 2020.