FOXO3

Forkhead box O3, also known as FOXO3 or FOXO3a, is a human protein encoded by the FOXO3 gene.

FOXO3
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2K86, 2LQH, 2LQI, 2UZK
Identifiers
Aliases	FOXO3, AF6q21, FKHRL1, FKHRL1P2, FOXO2, FOXO3A, forkhead box O3
External IDs	OMIM: 602681; MGI: 1890081; HomoloGene: 31039; GeneCards: FOXO3; OMA:FOXO3 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human) Band 6q21 Start 108,559,835 bp End 108,684,774 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 10 (mouse) Band 10 B2|10 22.79 cM Start 42,057,837 bp End 42,152,751 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in secondary oocyte trabecular bone cerebellar vermis nipple middle temporal gyrus visceral pleura buccal mucosa cell tibialis anterior muscle pericardium parietal pleura Top expressed in secondary oocyte zygote fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell primary oocyte ciliary body aortic valve ascending aorta cumulus cell blood fossa More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function beta-catenin binding DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific protein binding protein kinase binding chromatin DNA binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity sequence-specific DNA binding DNA binding DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific mitochondrial transcription factor activity transcription coregulator binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor binding Cellular component membrane nucleoplasm cytosol cytoplasm nucleus mitochondrion mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial matrix protein-containing complex Biological process initiation of primordial ovarian follicle growth ovulation from ovarian follicle regulation of transcription, DNA-templated antral ovarian follicle growth positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation glucose homeostasis DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation transcription, DNA-templated neuronal stem cell population maintenance positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process oocyte maturation extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand positive regulation of apoptotic process regulation of translation negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway apoptotic process negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II cellular response to oxidative stress positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process brain morphogenesis human ageing negative regulation of neuron differentiation cellular response to hypoxia response to water-immersion restraint stress response to nutrient levels cellular response to amyloid-beta cellular response to corticosterone stimulus positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death response to dexamethasone cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus cellular response to glucose stimulus anatomical structure morphogenesis cytokine-mediated signaling pathway mitochondrial transcription negative regulation of cell migration insulin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of autophagy positive regulation of muscle atrophy response to starvation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2309 56484 Ensembl ENSG00000118689 ENSMUSG00000048756 UniProt O43524 Q9WVH4 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001455 NM_201559 NM_019740 NM_001376967 RefSeq (protein) NP_001446 NP_963853 NP_062714 NP_001363896 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 108.56 – 108.68 Mb Chr 10: 42.06 – 42.15 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Function

FOXO3 belongs to the O subclass of the forkhead family of transcription factors which are characterized by a distinct fork head DNA-binding domain. There are three other FoxO family members in humans, FOXO1, FOXO4 and FOXO6. These transcription factors share the ability to be inhibited and translocated out of the nucleus on phosphorylation by proteins such as Akt/PKB in the PI3K signaling pathway (aside from FOXO6, which may be constitutively nuclear). Other post-translational modifications including acetylation and methylation are seen and can result in increased or altered FOXO3a activity.

The use of FOXO3a knockout mice has revealed a diverse range of functions in both health and disease, namely infertility, lymphoproliferation, adenoma, organ inflammation, metabolism etc.; yet despite the purported importance of FOXO transcription factors in aging, FOXO3A knockout mice do not show an obvious shortening of lifespan or accelerated aging

Apoptosis

Yu & Fellows et al. (2018) demonstrated that FOXO3a activation in vascular smooth muscle cells induces prominent apoptosis and extracellular matrix breakdown in vitro and exacerbates atherosclerosis and vascular remodelling in vivo. Also, these processes were at least partially dependent on MMP-13, as shown by siRNA knockdown and specific pharmacological inhibition. Further experiments also revealed MMP-13 as a novel, bona fide transcriptional target gene of FOXO3a in VSMCs.

FOXO3a also functions as a trigger for apoptosis through upregulation of genes necessary for cell death, such as Bim and PUMA, or downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as FLIP.

Stem cells

It is thought that FOXO3a is also involved in protection from oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidants such as catalase and MnSOD. Ron DePinho's group generated Foxo3 knockout mice, and showed that female exhibit a dramatic age-dependent infertility, due to premature ovarian failure. Gopinath et al., found that FOXO3 promotes quiescence of muscle stem cells during self-renewal in a Notch-dependent mechanism using muscle stem cell-specific conditional knock out mice. <Stem Cell Reports . 2014 Mar 20;2(4):414-26. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.002>

Clinical significance

Deregulation of FOXO3a is involved in tumorigenesis, for example translocation of this gene with the MLL gene is associated with secondary acute leukemia. Downregulation of FOXO3a activity is often seen in cancer (e.g. by increase in Akt activity resulting from loss of PTEN). FOXO3 is known as a tumour suppressor.

Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.

The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate has been shown in mice to increase gene expression of FOXO3a by histone deacetylase inhibition, upon which FOXO3a transcriptionally increased gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes SOD2 and catalase. Plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate increase with fasting or a ketogenic diet.

Association with longevity

Genetic variation in FOXO3 has been shown to be associated with healthspan and longevity in humans. It is found in most centenarians across a variety of ethnic groups around the world. The homologous genes daf-16 in the nematode C. elegans and dFOXO in the fruit fly are also associated with longevity in those organisms. Mice lacking FOXO3 do not show obvious accelerated aging or shortened lifespan.

Association with intelligence

In a meta-analysis of 78,308 individuals of European descent, a particular single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs2490272) in an intronic region of FOXO3 and neighboring SNPs in the promoter region, had the strongest associations with intelligence. Various types of tests had been used to measure intelligence.

See also

• FOX proteins
• Daf-16

Further reading

• Stahl M, Dijkers PF, Kops GJ, Lens SM, Coffer PJ, Burgering BM, et al. (May 2002). "The forkhead transcription factor FoxO regulates transcription of p27Kip1 and Bim in response to IL-2". Journal of Immunology. 168 (10): 5024–5031. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5024. PMID 11994454.
• Morris BJ, Willcox DC, Donlon TA, Willcox BJ (Mar 2015). "FOXO3: A Major Gene for Human Longevity--A Mini-Review". Gerontology. 61 (6): 515–525. doi:10.1159/000375235. PMC 5403515. PMID 25832544.
• Kino T, Chrousos GP (June 2004). "Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 accessory protein Vpr: a causative agent of the AIDS-related insulin resistance/lipodystrophy syndrome?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1024 (1): 153–167. Bibcode:2004NYASA1024..153K. doi:10.1196/annals.1321.013. PMID 15265780. S2CID 23655886.
• Hillion J, Le Coniat M, Jonveaux P, Berger R, Bernard OA (November 1997). "AF6q21, a novel partner of the MLL gene in t(6;11)(q21;q23), defines a forkhead transcriptional factor subfamily". Blood. 90 (9): 3714–3719. doi:10.1182/blood.V90.9.3714. PMID 9345057.
• Anderson MJ, Viars CS, Czekay S, Cavenee WK, Arden KC (January 1998). "Cloning and characterization of three human forkhead genes that comprise an FKHR-like gene subfamily". Genomics. 47 (2): 187–199. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5122. PMID 9479491.
• DaSilva L, Kirken RA, Taub DD, Evans GA, Duhé RJ, Bailey MA, et al. (October 1998). "Molecular cloning of FKHRL1P2, a member of the developmentally regulated fork head domain transcription factor family". Gene. 221 (1): 135–142. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00441-7. PMID 9852958.
• Brunet A, Bonni A, Zigmond MJ, Lin MZ, Juo P, Hu LS, et al. (March 1999). "Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor". Cell. 96 (6): 857–868. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80595-4. PMID 10102273. S2CID 14506473.
• Medema RH, Kops GJ, Bos JL, Burgering BM (April 2000). "AFX-like Forkhead transcription factors mediate cell-cycle regulation by Ras and PKB through p27kip1". Nature. 404 (6779): 782–787. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..782M. doi:10.1038/35008115. PMID 10783894. S2CID 205005804.
• Brunet A, Park J, Tran H, Hu LS, Hemmings BA, Greenberg ME (February 2001). "Protein kinase SGK mediates survival signals by phosphorylating the forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1 (FOXO3a)". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (3): 952–965. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.3.952-965.2001. PMC 86685. PMID 11154281.
• Schuur ER, Loktev AV, Sharma M, Sun Z, Roth RA, Weigel RJ (September 2001). "Ligand-dependent interaction of estrogen receptor-alpha with members of the forkhead transcription factor family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (36): 33554–33560. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105555200. PMID 11435445.
• Kops GJ, Medema RH, Glassford J, Essers MA, Dijkers PF, Coffer PJ, et al. (April 2002). "Control of cell cycle exit and entry by protein kinase B-regulated forkhead transcription factors". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (7): 2025–2036. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.7.2025-2036.2002. PMC 133681. PMID 11884591.
• Mahmud DL, G-Amlak M, Deb DK, Platanias LC, Uddin S, Wickrema A (February 2002). "Phosphorylation of forkhead transcription factors by erythropoietin and stem cell factor prevents acetylation and their interaction with coactivator p300 in erythroid progenitor cells". Oncogene. 21 (10): 1556–1562. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205230. PMID 11896584. S2CID 24537919.
• Nadal A, Marrero PF, Haro D (August 2002). "Down-regulation of the mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase gene by insulin: the role of the forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1". The Biochemical Journal. 366 (Pt 1): 289–297. doi:10.1042/BJ20020598. PMC 1222772. PMID 12027802.
• Wistow G, Bernstein SL, Wyatt MK, Fariss RN, Behal A, Touchman JW, et al. (June 2002). "Expressed sequence tag analysis of human RPE/choroid for the NEIBank Project: over 6000 non-redundant transcripts, novel genes and splice variants". Molecular Vision. 8: 205–220. PMID 12107410.
• Modur V, Nagarajan R, Evers BM, Milbrandt J (December 2002). "FOXO proteins regulate tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand expression. Implications for PTEN mutation in prostate cancer". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (49): 47928–47937. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207509200. PMID 12351634.
• Charvet C, Alberti I, Luciano F, Jacquel A, Bernard A, Auberger P, et al. (July 2003). "Proteolytic regulation of Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a by caspase-3-like proteases". Oncogene. 22 (29): 4557–4568. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206778. PMID 12881712. S2CID 11234589.
• Crossley LJ (October 2003). "Neutrophil activation by fMLP regulates FOXO (forkhead) transcription factors by multiple pathways, one of which includes the binding of FOXO to the survival factor Mcl-1". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 74 (4): 583–592. doi:10.1189/jlb.0103020. PMID 12960271. S2CID 15199594.
• Sunters A, Fernández de Mattos S, Stahl M, Brosens JJ, Zoumpoulidou G, Saunders CA, et al. (December 2003). "FoxO3a transcriptional regulation of Bim controls apoptosis in paclitaxel-treated breast cancer cell lines". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (50): 49795–49805. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309523200. PMID 14527951.
• Yu H, Fellows A, Foote K, Yang Z, Figg N, Littlewood T, et al. (March 2018). "FOXO3a (Forkhead Transcription Factor O Subfamily Member 3a) Links Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis, Matrix Breakdown, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Remodeling Through a Novel Pathway Involving MMP13 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 13)". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 38 (3): 555–565. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.310502. PMC 5828387. PMID 29326312.
• Skurk C, Maatz H, Kim HS, Yang J, Abid MR, Aird WC, et al. (January 2004). "The Akt-regulated forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a controls endothelial cell viability through modulation of the caspase-8 inhibitor FLIP". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (2): 1513–1525. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304736200. PMID 14551207.
• Dansen TB, Kops GJ, Denis S, Jelluma N, Wanders RJ, Bos JL, et al. (January 2004). "Regulation of sterol carrier protein gene expression by the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a". Journal of Lipid Research. 45 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1194/jlr.M300111-JLR200. PMID 14563822.；chih长此人十二厂二

External links

• FOXO3A+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.