The Mazon Creek fossil beds are a conservation lagerstätte found near Morris, in Grundy County, Illinois. The fossils are preserved in ironstone concretions, formed approximately 309 million years ago in the mid-Pennsylvanian epoch of the Carboniferous period. These concretions frequently preserve both hard and soft tissues of animal and plant materials, as well as many soft-bodied organisms that do not normally fossilize. The quality, quantity and diversity of fossils in the area, known since the mid-nineteenth century, make the Mazon Creek lagerstätte important to paleontologists attempting to reconstruct the paleoecology of the sites.[4] The locality was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.[3][5]
| Mazon Creek fossil beds | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: ~ |
Mazon Creek Fossil Beds | |
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| Nearest city | Benson Road, Morris, Illinois |
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| NRHP reference No. | 97001272 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 25, 1997[2] |
| Designated NHL | September 25, 1997[3] |
Geology
editThe Mazon Creek fossils are found in the Upper Carboniferous Francis Creek Shale.[6] The type locality is the Mazon River (or Mazon Creek), a tributary of the Illinois River near Morris, Grundy County, Illinois. The 25 to 30 meters of shale were formed approximately 309 million years ago, during the Pennsylvanian period. The fossiliferous concretions are usually found within the thickest deposits of the Francis Creek Shale. The concretions occur in localized deposits within the silty to sandy mudstones, in the lower four metres of the formation. The paleoecosystem is believed to be a large river delta system, deposited by at least one major river system flowing from the northeast. The sediments are believed to derive from the Appalachian orogeny events. The delta had a tropical climate, a result of the area being within 10° north latitude of the equator during the Pennsylvanian.
The remains of plants and animals were rapidly buried by the sediment deposited in the deltaic system. Bacterial decomposition of the remains produced carbon dioxide that combined with dissolved iron from the groundwater. This process formed siderite in the sediments surrounding the remains, forming detailed casts of their structure. Lithification of the sediments formed protective nodules of ironstone around the now fossilized remains. This mode of preservation is known as authigenic mineralisation.
Location
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The fossiliferous concretions are found in the Mazon River area of Grundy, Will, Kankakee, and Livingston counties. Additional fossils are found in LaSalle County, Illinois; between the Vermilion River and Marseilles, Illinois. The ironstone concretions are recovered from exposures along streams, roadcuts and in active or abandoned coal mine areas.
Most concretions are found among the shale and sandstone that was piled up in either a spoil tip of an older underground mine, or ridges of the later surface mining. The Peabody Energy company operated several large strip mines in Grundy County that are now abandoned. They were named Pit 1 through Pit 11. The northern pits 1-8 are known for the Braidwood Biota with mostly terrestrial fauna and flora. Pit 11, which was located southwest of the town of Braidwood, Illinois, is known for its Essex Biota with a greater abundance of marine species.[7] Pit 11 is now Braidwood State Fish and Wildlife Area, an Illinois state park. Fossil collecting is allowed at the park with a permit.[8]
The site's importance was realized in the mid-nineteenth century: "the nodules of Mazon Creek, where fragments of plants, even of the softest texture, have been preserved in their integrity".[9]
Flora
editThe Mazon Creek flora comprises over 400 species from at least 130 genera. However, the true number of species is difficult to determine. Paleobotanists name separate plant structures with different names by convention, inflating the number of fossil plant taxa. Paleobotanists are currently determining which taxa are valid.
Mazon Creek flora includes: lycopsids, related to modern club moss, with arborescent forms named Lepidophloios, Sigillaria and Lepidodendron, and herbaceous forms called Lycopodites and Cormophyton; sphenopsids like Calamites a tree-like horsetail relative, with common foliage names of Annularia and Asterophyllites, and a vine-like form called Sphenophyllum; Pteridophyta as marattitalean tree ferns and Filicales and Zygopteridales understory ferns, with common foliage names of Pecopteris, Acitheca and Lobatopteris; pteridosperms, also known as seed ferns, an extinct group of plants that grew both as trees and smaller shrubs, with features like pinnated leaves similar to true ferns, but reproduced by seeds instead of spores; they had common foliage names Mariopteris, Alethopteris, Odontopteris, Neuropteris, Laveineopteris and Macroneuropteris; extinct gymnosperm Cordaites, believed to be closely related to and sharing many features with modern conifers.
Fauna
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The Mazon Creek fauna has over 320 species of animals that have been identified. The fauna is divided into two components: the marine Essex fauna and the land and freshwater Braidwood fauna, that were washed into the deltaic sediments.
Essex biota
editThe Essex fauna includes jellyfish, sea worms, snails, saltwater clams, shrimp, sea scorpions, chaetognaths, cephalopods[6] and fish. The most common species found is the Essexella sea anemone. It consists of 42% of all fossil finds in the Essex biota.[7] The Essex area also includes the most famous faunal member of the Illinois state fossil Tullimonstrum, known popularly as the "Tully Monster". Other well-documented organisms include the crustacean Belotelson and the possible hemichordate Etacystis.
Braidwood biota
editThe Braidwood fauna includes insects, millipedes, centipedes (three taxa, Latzelia, Mazoscolopendra, Palenarthrus), scorpions, spiders, other arachnids, amphibians, freshwater fish (Illiniichthys[10]), freshwater shrimps, freshwater horseshoe crabs and ostracods. The possible beetle Adiphlebia has been described from the Braidwood fauna.[11][12]
See also
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References
edit- ^ McCoy VE, Asael D, Planavsky N. Benthic iron cycling in a high-oxygen environment: Implications for interpreting the Archean sedimentary iron isotope record. Geobiology. 2017;15:619–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12247
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
- ^ a b "Mazon Creek Fossil Beds". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ Illinois State Museum-Mazon Creek Fossil Exhibit
- ^ Joanne Klussendorf (March 30, 1995), National Historic Landmark Nomination: Mazon Creek Fossil Beds (pdf), National Park Service. Accompanying photos, from 1912 and 1991. (497 KB)
- ^ a b P. A. Allison (1987). "A new cephalopod with soft parts from the Upper Carboniferous Francis Creek Shale of Illinois, USA". Lethaia. 20 (78): 117–121. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1987.tb02028.x.
- ^ a b Selden, Paul; Nudds, John (2012). "Mazon Creek". Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems (second ed.). Manson Publishing Ltd. pp. 94–96. ISBN 978-1-84076-623-3.
- ^ "DNR". dnr.state.il.us. Archived from the original on June 5, 2007.
- ^ A.H.W. in Geological Survey of Illinois, 1866, p 489
- ^ Schultze, H.-P.; Bardack, D. (1987). "Diversity and size changes in palaeonisciform fishes (Actinopterygii, Pisces) from the Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek fauna, Illinois, U.S.A.". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 7 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/02724634.1987.10011635.
- ^ Oliver Bethoux (2009). "The earliest beetle identified". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 931–937. doi:10.1666/08-158.1. S2CID 85796546.
- ^ Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila; Beutel, Rolf G. (January 1, 2013). "Is the Carboniferous †Adiphlebia lacoana really the "oldest beetle"? Critical reassessment and description of a new Permian beetle family". EJE. 109 (4): 633–645. doi:10.14411/eje.2012.075. ISSN 1210-5759.
Further reading
edit- Stephen A. Schellenberg (2002). "Mazon Creek: preservation in late Paleozoic deltaic and marginal marine environments". In Walter Etter; James W. Hagadorn; Carol M. Tang; David J. Bottjer (eds.). Exceptional Fossil Preservation: A Unique View on the Evolution of Marine Life. Columbia University Press. pp. 185–203. ISBN 978-0-231-10254-4.
- Charles W. Shabica; Andrew A. Hay, eds. (1997). Richardson's Guide to the Fossil Fauna of Mazon Creek. Northeastern Illinois University. ISBN 978-0-925065-21-6.
- Jack Wittry (2006). The Mazon Creek Fossil Flora. Esconi. ISBN 978-1-932433-71-5.
- Jack Wittry (2012). The Mazon Creek Fossil Fauna. Esconi. ISBN 978-0578111483.
- Jack Wittry (2020). A Comprehensive Guide to the Fossil Flora of Mazon Creek. Esconi. ISBN 978-0-578-22890-7.
- Mike Sula (July 1, 2004). "The Vanishing Mother Lode of Mazon Creek". Chicago Reader.
External links
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- Illinois State Museum: Mazon Creek Fossil Exhibit Archived 2005-06-01 at the Wayback Machine
- UC Berkeley: Mazon Creek fossil beds info
- Northeastern Illinois University: fossil fauna
- Fossil News.com: General diagram of Mazon Creek Delta — with photographs of fossils.
- University of Bristol.uk: Mazon Creek flora and fauna — species discussed, with photographs of fossils.
- Flickr.com: Mazon Creek Lagerstätte photo gallery
