Emperor of the French (French: Empereur des Français) was the title of the monarch and supreme ruler of the First French Empire and the Second French Empire. The emperor of France was an absolute monarch.
| Emperor of the French | |
|---|---|
| Empereur des Français | |
Imperial | |
.svg) | |
 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Imperial Majesty |
| First monarch | Napoleon I |
| Last monarch | Napoleon III |
| Formation | 18 May 1804 2 December 1852 |
| Residence | Tuileries Palace, Elysée-Napoléon, Paris |
| Pretender(s) | Jean-Christophe Napoléon |
Details
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A title and office[clarification needed] used by the House of Bonaparte starting when Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Emperor on 18 May 1804 by the Senate and was crowned Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, in Paris, with the Crown of Napoleon.[1]
The title of "Emperor of the French" was also supposed to demonstrate that Napoleon's coronation was not a restoration of the monarchy, but an introduction of a new political system: the French Empire. The title emphasized that the emperor governed over "the French people" (the nation) with their consent, did not rule over France (the state), and was an office under the French Republic similar to the previous office of First Consul. The old formula of "King of France" indicated that the king owned France as a personal possession. The new term indicated a constitutional monarchy.[2] The title was purposely created to preserve the appearance of the French Republic and to show that after the French Revolution, the feudal system was abandoned and a nation state was created, with equal citizens governed by their emperor. Emperor also harkened back to the Roman Republic title of Imperator, as a magistrate who exercised Imperium or command, especially over an army. This emphasized Napoleon as Chief Magistrate and Commander-in-Chief elected by the citizens.
Taking the title "emperor" also emphasized that the will of the citizens of France was equal in sovereignty to anyone's, especially to what had been until this time the highest sovereignty in the Western world: the (Holy) Roman Emperor, who claimed continuity with the ancient Roman Emperors, and whose coronation by the Pope was used to claim authority by divine right.
It was only after 1 January 1809 that the state was officially referred to as the French Empire and not the French Republic.[3]
Emperor also harkened back to the Roman Republic title of Imperator, a magistrate who exercised Imperium or command, esp. over an army. After an especially great victory, an army's troops in the field would proclaim their commander imperator, an acclamation necessary for a general to apply to the Senate for a triumph.
Napoleon's reign lasted until 22 June 1815, when he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, exiled, and imprisoned on the island of Saint Helena, where he died on 5 May 1821. His reign was interrupted by the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 and his exile to Elba, from where he escaped less than a year later to reclaim the throne, reigning as Emperor for another 111 days before his final defeat and exile.
Less than a year after the 1851 French coup d'état by Napoleon's nephew Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, which ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly, the French Second Republic was transformed into the Second French Empire, established by a referendum on 7 November 1852. President Bonaparte, elected by the French people, officially became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, from the symbolic and historic date of 2 December 1852. His rule would de facto end on 28 July 1870 - the power of the head of state was transferred to his wife Eugenie de Montijo who would rule as empress regent of France while Napoleon III left with his army. His reign would nominally continue until 4 September 1870, as he was officially deposed after his defeat and capture at the Battle of Sedan during the Franco-Prussian War. In March 1871, he would be released from Prussian custody and exiled to the United Kingdom, where he died on 9 January 1873.
Since the death of Napoleon III's only son, Louis-Napoléon in 1879, the House of Bonaparte has had a number of claimants to the French throne. The current claimant is Charles, Prince Napoléon, who became head of the House of Bonaparte on 3 May 1997. His position is challenged by his son, Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon, who was named as heir in his late grandfather's testament.
Honours
editAmong the honours Napoleon I instituted or received were:
First French Empire: Grand Master of the Legion of Honour- First French Empire: Grand Master of the Order of the Reunion
Kingdom of Italy: Grand Master of the Order of the Iron Crown
Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 1810[4]
Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 1805[5]
Kingdom of Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 18 May 1808[6]
Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, 8 May 1805[7]
Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 1805[8]
Russian Empire: Knight of the Order of St. Andrew, July 1807[9]
Kingdom of Spain: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1805[10]
Kingdom of Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 3 February 1811[11]
List of emperors
editFirst French Empire
edit| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Napoleon I
| 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 (aged 51) | 18 May 1804 | 11 April 1814 | — | Bonaparte |  |
Hundred Days
editRegarded as a continuation of the First French Empire despite the brief exile of the Emperor Napoleon I
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Napoleon I
| 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 (aged 51) | 20 March 1815 | 22 June 1815 | Bonaparte | | |
| Napoleon II [12]
| 20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832 (aged 21) | 22 June 1815 | 7 July 1815 | Son of Napoleon I | Bonaparte |  |
Second French Empire
edit| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Napoleon III | 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873 (aged 64) | 2 December 1852 | 4 September 1870 | Nephew of Napoleon I Cousin of Napoleon II | Bonaparte |  |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Thierry, Lentz. "The Proclamation of Empire by the Sénat Conservateur". napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
- ^ Philip Dwyer, Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power (2013) p 129
- ^ "Decree upon the Term, French Republic". napoleon-series.org.
- ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1812. Landesamt. 1812. p. 27.
- ^ J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien (1846). Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter. Berling. pp. 122–124.
- ^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2011). "A Evolução da Banda das Três Ordens Militares (1789–1826)" [The Evolution of the Band of the Three Military Orders (1789–1826)]. Lusíada História (in Portuguese). 2 (8): 272. ISSN 0873-1330.
- ^ Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 15
- ^ Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917). Moscow.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toyson de Oro", Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish): 41, 1806, retrieved 17 March 2020
- ^ Per Nordenvall (1998). "Kungl. Maj:ts Orden". Kungliga Serafimerorden: 1748–1998 (in Swedish). Stockholm. ISBN 91-630-6744-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ From 22 June to 7 July 1815, Bonapartists considered Napoleon II as the legitimate heir to the throne, his father having abdicated in his favor. However, the young child's reign was entirely fictional, as he was residing in Austria with his mother. Louis XVIII was reinstalled as king on 7 July.