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Akihito[a] (born 23 December 1933) is a member of the Imperial House of Japan who reigned as the 125th emperor of Japan from 1989 until his abdication in 2019. The era of his rule was named the Heisei era, Heisei being an expression of achieving peace worldwide.[1]
Akihito
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Akihito in 2014 | |||||
| Emperor of Japan | |||||
| Reign | 7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019 | ||||
| Enthronement | 12 November 1990 | ||||
| Predecessor | Shōwa | ||||
| Successor | Naruhito | ||||
| Born | Akihito, Prince Tsugu (継宮明仁親王) 23 December 1933 Tokyo Imperial Palace, Japan | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue | |||||
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| House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
| Father | Emperor Shōwa | ||||
| Mother | Princess Nagako Kuni | ||||
| Religion | Shinto | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
Born in 1933, Akihito is the fifth child and first son of Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun. During the Second World War, he moved out of Tokyo with his classmates and remained in Nikkō until 1945. In 1952, his Coming-of-Age ceremony and investiture as crown prince were held, and he began to undertake official duties in his capacity as crown prince.[2] The next year, he made his first journey overseas and represented Japan at the coronation of Elizabeth II in London. He completed his university education in 1956. In April 1959, he married Michiko Shōda, a commoner; it was the first imperial wedding to be televised in Japan, drawing about 15 million viewers.[3] The couple has three children: Naruhito, Fumihito, and Sayako.
Akihito succeeded to the Chrysanthemum Throne and became emperor upon his father's death in 1989, with an enthronement ceremony in 1990. He made efforts to bring the imperial family closer to the Japanese people, and made official visits to all forty-seven prefectures of Japan and to many of the remote islands of Japan. He has a keen interest in natural life and conservation, as well as Japanese and world history.[2] Akihito abdicated in 2019, citing his advanced age and declining health,[4] and assumed the title Emperor Emeritus (上皇, Jōkō, lit. 'Retired Emperor'). He was succeeded by his eldest son, Naruhito, whose era is named Reiwa (令和). At age 91, Akihito is the longest-lived verifiable Japanese emperor in recorded history. During his reign, 17 prime ministers served in 25 terms, beginning with Noboru Takeshita and ending with Shinzo Abe. He is the current oldest living member of Japanese imperial family, following Yuriko, Princess Mikasa's death on 15 November 2024.[b]
Name
editDuring his reign, Akihito was never referred to by his own name, but instead as "His Majesty the Emperor" (天皇陛下, Tennō Heika) which may be shortened to "His Majesty" (陛下, Heika).[5][failed verification] The era of Akihito's reign from 1989 to 2019 bore the era name Heisei (平成), and according to custom he will be posthumously renamed Emperor Heisei (平成天皇, Heisei Tennō) as the 125th emperor of Japan by order of the Cabinet.
Following his abdication, he was accorded the title of Jōkō (上皇), officially translated as "Emperor Emeritus".[6][7][8][9]
Early life and education
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Prince Akihito (明仁親王, Akihito Shinnō) was born on 23 December 1933 at 6:39 am in the Tokyo Imperial Palace as the fifth child and eldest son of Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun. Titled Prince Tsugu (継宮, Tsugu-no-miya) as a child, Akihito was educated by private tutors prior to attending the elementary and secondary departments of the Peers' School (Gakushūin) from 1940 to 1952.[2] At the request of his father, he did not receive a commission as an army officer, unlike his predecessors.
During the American firebombing raids on Tokyo in March 1945 during World War II, Akihito and his younger brother Prince Masahito were evacuated from the city. Akihito was tutored in the English language and Western manners by Elizabeth Gray Vining during the Allied occupation of Japan, and later briefly studied at the department of political science at Gakushuin University in Tokyo, though he never received a degree.
Akihito was the heir apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne from birth. His formal investiture as crown prince (立太子の礼, Rittaishi-no-rei) took place at the Tokyo Imperial Palace on 10 November 1952. In June 1953, Akihito represented Japan at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London on his first journey abroad. He later completed his university education as a special student in 1956.[2]
Marriage and family
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In August 1957, Akihito met Michiko Shōda[2][10] on a tennis court at Karuizawa near Nagano. Initially, there was little enthusiasm for the couple's relationship; Michiko Shōda was considered too low class for the young Crown Prince and had been educated in a Catholic environment. Therefore, in September 1958, she was sent away to Brussels to attend an international conference of the Alumnae du Sacré-Cœur. The Crown Prince was determined to keep in contact with his girlfriend but did not want to create a diplomatic incident. Therefore, he contacted the young King Baudouin of Belgium to send his messages directly to his loved one. Later King Baudouin negotiated the marriage of the couple with the Emperor directly stating that if the Crown Prince was happy with Michiko, he would be a better emperor later on.[11]
The Imperial Household Council formally approved the engagement of the Crown Prince to Michiko Shōda on 27 November 1958. The announcement of the then-Crown Prince Akihito's engagement and forthcoming marriage to Michiko Shōda drew opposition from traditionalist groups, because Shōda came from a Catholic family.[12] Although Shōda was never baptized, she had been educated in Catholic schools and seemed to share her parents' faith. Rumours also speculated that Prince Akihito's mother, Empress Kōjun had opposed the engagement. After the death of Empress Kōjun on 16 June 2000, Reuters reported that she was one of the strongest opponents of her son's marriage, and that in the 1960s, she had driven her daughter-in-law and grandchildren to depression by persistently accusing Shōda of not being suitable for her son.[13][failed verification] At that time, the media presented their encounter as a real "fairy tale",[14] or the "romance of the tennis court". It was the first time a commoner had married into the Imperial Family, breaking more than 2,600 years of tradition.[15] The engagement ceremony took place on 14 January 1959, and the marriage on 10 April 1959.
Akihito and Michiko had three children: two sons Naruhito (born 23 February 1960 and titled Prince Hiro; later the 126th Emperor of Japan) and Fumihito (born 30 November 1965 and titled Prince Aya; later Prince Akishino and subsequently the Crown Prince of Japan), and a daughter Sayako Kuroda (born 18 April 1969 and titled Princess Nori before marriage). The three children were born at the Imperial Household Agency Hospital at the Tokyo Imperial Palace.[2]
Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko made official visits to thirty-seven countries. As an Imperial Prince, Akihito compared the role of Japanese royalty to that of a robot. He expressed the desire to help bring the Imperial family closer to the people of Japan.[16]
Reign
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2021) |
Upon the death of Emperor Shōwa on 7 January 1989, Akihito acceded to the throne,[17][18] becoming the 125th Emperor of Japan at the age of 55, becoming the third oldest in history. The enthronement ceremony took place on 12 November 1990.[2] In 1998, during a state visit to the United Kingdom, he was invested with the UK Order of the Garter.
Following his accession, he began issuing several wide-ranging statements of remorse to Asian countries, for their suffering under Japanese occupation, beginning with an expression of remorse to China made in April 1989, three months after the death of his father, Emperor Shōwa.
On 23 December 2001, during his annual birthday meeting with reporters, the Emperor, in response to a reporter's question about tensions with South Korea, remarked that he felt a kinship with Koreans and went on to explain that, in the Shoku Nihongi, the mother of Emperor Kammu (736–806) is related to Muryeong of Korea, King of Baekje, a fact that was considered taboo for discussion.[19][20]
In June 2005, the Emperor and Empress visited the island of Saipan (part of the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. territory),[21] the site of a battle in the World War II from 15 June to 9 July 1944 (known as the Battle of Saipan). Akihito offered prayers and flowers at several memorials, honouring not only the Japanese who died, but also American servicemen, Korean labourers, and local islanders. It was the first trip by a Japanese monarch to a World War II battlefield abroad. The Saipan journey was received with high praise by the Japanese people, as were the Emperor's visits to war memorials in Tokyo, Hiroshima Prefecture, Nagasaki Prefecture and Okinawa Prefecture in 1995.
After succeeding to the throne, Akihito made an effort to bring the Imperial family closer to the Japanese people. He and Michiko made official visits to eighteen countries and to all forty-seven Japanese prefectures.[2] Akihito has never visited Yasukuni Shrine, continuing his predecessor's boycott from 1978, due to its enshrinement of war criminals.[22]
On 6 September 2006, the Emperor celebrated the birth of his first grandson, Prince Hisahito, the third child of the Emperor's younger son. Prince Hisahito was the first male heir born to the Japanese imperial family in 41 years (since his father Prince Akishino) and could avert the Japanese imperial succession crisis, as the only child of the Emperor's elder son, the then Crown Prince Naruhito, is his daughter, Princess Aiko, who is not eligible for the throne under Japan's male-only succession law. The birth of Prince Hisahito meant that proposed changes to the law to allow Aiko to ascend the Chrysanthemum Throne were dropped.[23][24]
In response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima I nuclear crisis, the Emperor made a historic televised appearance urging his people not to give up hope and to help each other.[25][26]
Constitutional role
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Under the Constitution of Japan, Akihito's role was entirely representative and ceremonial in nature, without even a nominal role in government; indeed, he was not allowed to make political statements. He was limited to acting in matters of state as delineated in the Constitution. Even in those matters, he was bound by the requirements of the Constitution and the binding advice of the Cabinet. For instance, while he formally appointed the Prime Minister, he was required to appoint the person designated by the Diet.[27][28]
Abdication
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On 13 July 2016, national broadcaster NHK reported that the then 82-year-old Emperor intended to abdicate in favour of his eldest son Crown Prince Naruhito within a few years, citing his age. An abdication within the Imperial Family had not occurred since Emperor Kōkaku in 1817. However, senior officials within the Imperial Household Agency denied that there was any official plan for the monarch to abdicate. Abdication by the Emperor required an amendment to the Imperial Household Law, which had no provisions for such a move.[29][30] On 8 August 2016, the Emperor gave a rare televised address, where he emphasized his advanced age and declining health;[31] this address was interpreted as an implication of his intention to abdicate.[32]
On 19 May 2017, the bill that would allow Akihito to abdicate was issued by the Cabinet of Japan. On 8 June 2017, the National Diet passed it, whereupon it became known as the Emperor Abdication Law. This commenced government preparations to hand the position over to Naruhito.[33] Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced in December 2017 that Akihito's abdication would take place at the end of 30 April 2019, and that Naruhito would become the 126th Emperor as of 1 May 2019.[4]
Post-abdication
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On 19 March 2020, Akihito and his wife moved out of the Imperial Palace, marking their first public appearance since his abdication.[34] On 31 March, they moved in to the Takanawa Residence.[35]
In December 2021, Akihito celebrated his 88th birthday (beiju), breaking his father's record and making him the longest-living verifiable Japanese emperor in recorded history.[36] His daily routine is said to include morning and evening walks with his wife, reading and visits to an imperial biology institute.[37]
In August 2023, Akihito and Michiko visited the tennis court where they first met and interacted with members of the organization responsible for its upkeep.[38]
With the death of Princess Yuriko in November 2024, Akihito is now oldest member of the Japanese imperial family.[39]
Health
editEmperor Akihito underwent surgery for prostate cancer on 14 January 2003.[40] Later in 2011 he was admitted to hospital suffering from pneumonia.[41] In February 2012, it was announced that the Emperor would be having a coronary examination;[42] he underwent successful heart bypass surgery on 18 February 2012.[43] In July 2018, he suffered from nausea and dizziness due to insufficient blood flow to his brain. In January 2020, he temporarily lost consciousness and collapsed at his residence, though "no abnormalities" were detected in his brain.[44] He was diagnosed with heart failure in July 2022.[45]
Issue
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Akihito and Michiko have two sons and a daughter.
| Name | Birth | Marriage | Children | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Spouse | |||
| Naruhito, Emperor of Japan (Naruhito, Prince Hiro) |
23 February 1960 | 9 June 1993 | Masako Owada | Aiko, Princess Toshi |
| Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan (Fumihito, Prince Aya) |
30 November 1965 | 29 June 1990 | Kiko Kawashima | |
| Sayako Kuroda (Sayako, Princess Nori) |
18 April 1969 | 15 November 2005 | Yoshiki Kuroda | None |
Ichthyological research
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In extension of his father's interest in marine biology, who published taxonomic works on the Hydrozoa, the Emperor Emeritus is a published ichthyological researcher, and has specialized in studies within the taxonomy of the family Gobiidae.[46] He has written papers for scholarly journals such as Gene, Ichthyological Research, and the Japanese Journal of Ichthyology.[47][48] He has also written papers about the history of science during the Edo and Meiji eras, which were published in Science[49] and Nature.[50] In 2005, a newly described goby was named Exyrias akihito in his honour, and in 2007 a genus Akihito of gobies native to Vanuatu also received his name. In 2021, the Imperial Household Agency announced Akihito had discovered two new species of goby fish. The discovery was catalogued in an English-language journal published by the Ichthyological Society of Japan.[51][52]
In 1965, then-Crown Prince Akihito sent 50 Nile tilapia to Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej in response to a request for fish that could solve malnutrition issues in the country. The species has since become a major food source in Thailand and a major export.[53]
Member of the Ichthyological Society of Japan
Foreign member of the Linnean Society of London (1980)- Honorary member of the Linnean Society of London (1986)
Research associate of the Australian Museum- Honorary member of the Zoological Society of London (1992)
Honorary member of the Research Institute for Natural Science of Argentina (1997)
Honorary degree of the Uppsala University (2007)
Honours
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- b Zaire is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Other awards
Overseas visits
editThe following tables include official visits jointly made by the Emperor and Empress from 1991 to 2017.[69][70][71] Although Empress Michiko has made two official visits on her own, in 2002 (to Switzerland) and 2014 (to Belgium), they did not include the Emperor and are not included in this list.
1990s
edit| Dates | Location(s) | Details |
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| 26 September – 6 October 1991 | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia" | |
| 23–28 October 1992 | China | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of China" |
| 6–9 August 1993 | Belgium | Attended the funeral of King Baudouin of Belgium.[72] |
| 3–19 September 1993 |
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"To foster friendly relations at the invitation of Italy, Belgium and Germany" |
| 10–26 June 1994 | United States | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of the United States" |
| 2–14 October 1994 | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of France and Spain" | |
| 30 May – 13 June 1997 | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of Brazil and Argentina" | |
| 23 May – 5 June 1998 | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of the United Kingdom and Denmark" |
2000s
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| Dates | Location(s) | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 20 May – 1 June 2000 | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of the Netherlands and Sweden" | |
| 6–20 July 2002 | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary" | |
| 7–14 May 2005 | Norway | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of Norway" |
| 27–28 June 2005 | United States | Commemorations of the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II. |
| 8–15 June 2006 |
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Commemorations of the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and Singapore; attended the 60th anniversary celebrations of the accession to the throne of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. |
| 21–30 May 2007 | Invited by Sweden and the United Kingdom to mark the 300th birth anniversary of Carl von Linné as an honorary member of the Linnean Society; invited by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to conduct a state visit. | |
| 3–14 July 2009 | Canada | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of Canada" |
| 15–17 July 2009 | United States | Visited Hawaii to mark the 50th anniversary of the Crown Prince Akihito Scholarship Foundation.[73] |
2010s
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| Dates | Location(s) | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 16–20 May 2012 | United Kingdom | Attended a luncheon hosted by Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee.[74] |
| 30 November – 6 December 2013 | India | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of India" |
| 8–9 April 2015 | Palau | Commemorations of the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II. |
| 26–30 January 2016 | Philippines | "To foster friendly relations on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations at the invitation of the Philippines" |
| 28 February – 6 March 2017 | Vietnam | "To foster friendly relations at the invitation of Vietnam" |
| 5–6 March 2017 | Thailand | Met with King Vajiralongkorn and paid respect to the remains of the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[75][76] |
Ancestry
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Patrilineal descent
edit| Patrilineal descent[81] |
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Akihito's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations, which means that Akihito is a member of the Imperial House of Japan.
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Notes
edit- ^ 明仁; Japanese: [akiꜜçi̥to]; English: /ˌækiˈhiːtoʊ/ AK-ee-HEE-toh or /ˌɑːk-/ AHK-
- ^ Akihito's older sister, Atsuko Ikeda, formerly Atsuko, Princess Yori, was born 7 March 1931, however, Japanese law requires Princesses who marry to leave the imperial family if not marrying the emperor or another male member of the imperial family.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Speeches by the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister at the National Diet". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 10 February 1989. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress". Imperial Household Agency. 2002. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ "Imperial marriage created bond with people". The Japan Times. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ a b Enjoji, Kaori (1 December 2017). "Japan Emperor Akihito to abdicate on April 30, 2019". CNN. Tokyo. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^ "Members of the Order of the Garter". The British Monarchy. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009.
- ^ "Japan emperor to be addressed with "emeritus" after abdication". Kyodo News+. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ Miner, Earl Roy; Morrell, Robert E.; 小田桐弘子 (21 September 1988). The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691008257. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2019 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Government panel outlines proposals on Emperor's abdication, titles". The Japan Times Online. 14 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ "Panel stresses clean break once emperor steps down". Nikkei Asian Review. 22 April 2017. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
- ^ Fukada, Takahiro, "Emperor — poise under public spotlight", The Japan Times, 24 November 2009, p. 3. [dead link]
- ^ NWS, VRT (26 April 2019). "De Brusselse romance van het Japanse keizerlijk paar, met dank aan Koning Boudewijn". vrtnws.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ^ Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, HarperCollins, 2001, p. 661
- ^ "Japan's Dowager Empress Dead at 97". CBS News. 16 June 2000. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ "The Girl from Outside". Time. 23 March 1959. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ "The wedding that broke centuries of tradition". BBC News. 1 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ "Those Apprentice Kings and Queens Who May – One Day – Ascend a Throne" Archived 14 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times. 14 November 1971.
- ^ "Hirohito Dies, Ending 62 Years as Japan's Ruler". Los Angeles Times. 8 January 1989. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ "MOFA: The 20th Anniversary of His Majesty the Emperor's Accession to the Throne". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ "Press Conference on the Occasion of His Majesty's Birthday". Imperial Household Agency. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ Chotiner, Isaac (8 August 2016). "What Does the Japanese Emperor Do? And will Japan let him stop doing it?". Slate. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ Brooke, James (28 June 2005). "Visiting Saipan, Japan's Emperor Honors Dead". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan's war legacy". Reuters. 14 August 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ Yoshida, Reiji (27 March 2007). "Life in the cloudy Imperial fishbowl". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "Report: Japan to drop plan to allow female monarch". USA Today. McLean, VA: Gannett. The Associated Press. 3 January 2007. ISSN 0734-7456. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ "Six days later, Japanese still confronting magnitude of quake crisis". CNN. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
- ^ "Message from His Majesty The Emperor". The Imperial Household Agency. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- ^ "Japan abdication and accession: Your questions answered". BBC News. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
- ^ Rich, Motoko (23 January 2017). "Japanese Panel Signals Support for One-Time Law to Let Emperor Abdicate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
- ^ "天皇陛下 「生前退位」の意向示される ("His Majesty The Emperor Indicates His Intention to 'Abdicate'")" (in Japanese). NHK. 13 July 2016. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ "Japanese Emperor Akihito 'wishes to abdicate'". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ^ "Message from His Majesty The Emperor". The Imperial Household Agency. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ "Japan's Emperor Akihito hints at wish to abdicate". BBC News. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ "Japan passes landmark bill for Emperor Akihito to abdicate". BBC News. 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ "Japan's former emperor, empress move out of palace after 26 yrs". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "Japan's former emperor and empress move out of palace after 26 years". The Japan Times. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Sugiura, Tatsuro (23 December 2021). "Akihito turns 88, longest-living among Japanese emperors". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Japan's Emperor Emeritus Akihito turns 89 in his 'peaceful' retirement". La Prensa Latina Media. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ "Japan's Ex-Emperor, Ex-Empress Visit Tennis Court of 1st Encounter". nippon.com. 27 August 2023. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ "Japan's Emperor Emeritus Akihito turns 91". The Japan Times. 23 December 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
- ^ "Akihito has successful cancer operation". BBC News. BBC. 18 January 2003. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ "Japan's Emperor Akihito leaves Tokyo hospital". BBC News. 24 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Emperor Akihito to have coronary examination". Mainichi Daily News. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Report: Japan's Emperor undergoes successful cardiac bypass". CNN. 18 February 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^ "Japan's former emperor Akihito recovers from brief loss of consciousness". Reuters. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ "上皇上皇后両陛下の定例ご検査の結果について". www.kunaicho.go.jp. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ Hamilton, Alan. "Palace small talk problem solved: royal guest is a goby fish fanatic" Archived 17 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Times (London). 30 May 2007
- ^ "Akihito[Author] - Search Results - PubMed". PubMed. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
- ^ Mohri, Hideo (2019). "Emperor Akihito [1933–] and Prince Hitachi [1935–]—The Second Generation Biologists". Imperial Biologists: The Imperial Family of Japan and their Contributions to Biological Research. Springer Biographies. Springer. pp. 77–148. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6756-4_2. ISBN 978-981-13-6756-4. OCLC 1091569193. S2CID 189373893. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ Akihito (October 1992). "Early cultivators of science in Japan". Science. 258 (5082): 578–80. Bibcode:1992Sci...258..578A. doi:10.1126/science.1411568. PMID 1411568.
- ^ His Majesty The Emperor of Japan (July 2007). "Linnaeus and taxonomy in Japan". Nature. 448 (7150): 139–140. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..139H. doi:10.1038/448139a. PMID 17632886. S2CID 4392680.
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External links
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- Their Majesties the Emperor Emeritus and Empress Emerita at the Imperial Household Agency website
- Complete transcript (U.S. English and Japanese) and audio mp3 and video of 'Do Not Lose Hope' Address to the Nation at AmericanRhetoric.com