El Borma (Arabic: اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺔ) is a town and commune, which is coextensive with El Borma District, in Algeria. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 3,250,[2] up from 1,997 in 1998[3] and an annual population growth rate of 4.9%, the second highest in the province.[2] The town is located on the border with Tataouine Governorate, Tunisia.
El Borma
اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺔ | |
|---|---|
Commune and town | |
 Location of El Borma commune within Algeria | |
  El Borma Location of El Borma within Algeria | |
| Coordinates: 31°39′23″N 9°10′45″E / 31.65639°N 9.17917°E | |
| Country |  Algeria |
| Province | Ouargla Province |
| District | El Borma District |
| Area | |
| • Total | 47,261 km2 (18,248 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 252 m (827 ft) |
| Population (2008)[2] | |
| • Total | 3,205 |
| • Density | 0.068/km2 (0.18/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
Geography
editEl Borma is located amidst the vast sand dunes of the Grand Erg Oriental in eastern Algeria. The location is notable for its underground petroleum reservoirs.
Climate
editEl Borma has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm winters. The climate is similar to the one of Ouargla. Daytime temperatures are soaring during summer months as they consistently turn around 45 °C (113 °F) between June and September.
| Climate data for El Borma (1981–2010, extremes 1969–2017) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.8 (87.4) |
35.8 (96.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
43.6 (110.5) |
45.5 (113.9) |
48.5 (119.3) |
50.1 (122.2) |
48.4 (119.1) |
46.0 (114.8) |
41.0 (105.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
50.1 (122.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.8 (105.4) |
40.5 (104.9) |
36.4 (97.5) |
30.7 (87.3) |
23.2 (73.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
29.3 (84.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.9 (91.2) |
29.2 (84.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
22.1 (71.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.7 (76.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
15.0 (58.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.2 (22.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 6.3 (0.25) |
4.2 (0.17) |
10.3 (0.41) |
4.5 (0.18) |
5.3 (0.21) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
2.2 (0.09) |
9.2 (0.36) |
3.8 (0.15) |
4.9 (0.19) |
51.5 (2.04) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 8.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 60 | 53 | 49 | 41 | 37 | 34 | 32 | 36 | 44 | 49 | 58 | 63 | 46 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 221.3 | 225.0 | 261.4 | 251.7 | 297.2 | 321.6 | 339.0 | 349.7 | 263.8 | 261.9 | 228.7 | 221.3 | 3,242.6 |
| Source: Institut National de la Météorologie (precipitation days/humidity 1961–1990, sun 1981-2010)[4][5][6][7][note 1] | |||||||||||||
Economy
editEl Borma's economy is supported by the petroleum industry, due to the oil fields in the area. Grazing is also significant, although limited because of the marginal plant life in the area. Agriculture is currently unfeasible due to the lack of sufficient water supplies.[1]
Transportation
editEl Borma is an isolated town, with no significant settlements or major roads nearby. A local road leads west to Hassi Messaoud about 300 kilometres (190 mi) to the west, and branches off to the south, reaching Ghadames in Libya and Debdeb in Illizi Province about 180 kilometres (110 mi) to the south.
The town is served by El Borma Airport.[9]
Education
edit1.6% of the population has a tertiary education (the lowest in the province), and another 3.5% has completed secondary education.[10] The overall literacy rate is 42.6%, and is 54.7% among males and 28.5% among females. All three rates are the lowest in the province.[11]
Localities
editThe commune is composed of eight localities:[12]
- El Borma
- Rhoud El Baguel
- El Masder
- Bordj Saïf Fatima
- Bordj Bir El Djedid
- Bordj Bir Larache
- Keskassa
- Erg Yagoub
References
edit
- ^ a b "Official website of the province of Ouargla - El Borma" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ a b c "Population: Ouargla Wilaya" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Algeria Communes". Statoids. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ "Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Données normales climatiques 1961-1990" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Période ensoleillée 1981-2010 climatiques en Tunisie" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^ "Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "El Borma Airport". OurAirports. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ "Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- ^ "Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence " (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- ^ "Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 19 December 1984. p. 1551. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.