Edward Murray Bassett (February 7, 1863 – October 27, 1948), "the father of American zoning",[1] and one of the founding fathers of modern-day urban planning, wrote the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States, which was adopted by New York City in 1916. He also served one term as a U.S. Representative for New York from 1903 to 1905.
Edward Murray Bassett | |
|---|---|
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| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 5th district | |
| In office March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 | |
| Preceded by | Frank E. Wilson |
| Succeeded by | George E. Waldo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 7, 1863 Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Died | October 27, 1948 (aged 85) Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Annie Rebecca Preston Bassett |
| Children |
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| Alma mater | Amherst College Columbia University Law School |
| Profession |
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Biography
editBassett was born on February 7, 1863, in Brooklyn, New York, son of merchant Charles R. Bassett and Elvira Rogers Bassett. He attended Hamilton College and Amherst College, graduating from the latter in 1884. While at Amherst he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity. From 1884 to 1886 he attended Columbia University Law School, and taught at a private school run by R. D. Dodge in Brooklyn. In 1886 Bassett graduated from Columbia and was admitted to the bar, and began practicing law in Buffalo, New York. He married Annie R. Preston on May 14, 1890, and they had five children together: Marion P. Bassett; inventor and engineer Preston Bassett; geologist Isabel Bassett Wasson; Howard M. Bassett; and Helen B. Hauser.[2]
Career
editAfter returning to New York City in 1892 to practice law, Bassett served on the Brooklyn School Board from 1899 to 1901 and chaired the Local School Board from 1901 to 1903.
In 1903 Bassett was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, representing New York's 5th congressional district. He served one term from March 4, 1903, to March 3, 1905,[3] but declined to run for reelection so he could serve at the local level. Major projects he worked on included bankruptcy law, the Panama Canal, advocating a canal route through Nicaragua, and opposing high tariffs.
In 1907 Bassett was appointed by Governor Charles Evans Hughes to the New York Public Service Commission, where he served until 1911. During this time he aided in the development of the Dual Contracts (also called the dual subway plan) for the New York City Subway, which resulted in subways connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn for the first time, and he also championed the streamlining of train movement by abolishing stub-end terminals in favor of the "pendulum" method of train movement.[4] He was vice-chairman of the Brooklyn Committee on City Plan, for which a report was published in 1914. He was chairman of the Heights of Buildings Commission in New York City, the final report of which 1916 presented the first Zoning Resolution of the City of New York, which was the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States. He consequently served posts of counsel to the Zoning Committee of New York, the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs, and the New York City Planning Commission. A member of the Advisory Committee on City Planning and Zoning, Bassett was appointed by then U.S. Commerce Department Secretary Herbert Hoover to serve as president of the National Conference on City Planning. Two articles written to commemorate the centennial of the first New York zoning ordinance in 1916 highlighted his role in its creation." Carl Weisbrod, the current chairman of the City Planning Commission,] credited Mr. McAneny and Mr. Bassett with creating a revolutionary document couched in accepted common-law and constitutional doctrines: that landowners are not entirely free to create nuisances to those around them; and that local governments may police conduct in the name of public health, safety and welfare."[5] "Bassett (1863- 1948) served as chairman for both zoning commissions and has been called the “father” and “midwife” of American zoning for the prominent role he played in establishing New York's code and helping to institute the system around the country."[6]
Most of Bassett's work, both private and on committees, concerned city planning, zoning and the legal issues surrounding these fields. Bassett is credited with developing the "freeway" and "parkway" concepts, and for coining the term "freeway" to describe a controlled-access urban highway, based on the parkway concept but open to commercial traffic.[7][8][9][10]
Bassett authored the 1936 book Zoning, published by the Russell Sage Foundation.[11]
Death
editBassett died in Brooklyn, Kings County, New York, on October 27, 1948, at the age of 85. He is buried at Ashfield Plains Cemetery, Ashfield, Massachusetts.[12]
References
edit- ^ Schäfer, Axel R. (2000). American Progressives and German Social Reform, 1875-1920: Social Ethics, Moral Control, and the Regulatory State in a Transatlantic Context. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 137. ISBN 9783515074612.
- ^ "Edward Bassett, 'Father' of Zoning". New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
- ^ "Edward Bassett". Govtrack US Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
- ^ Bassett, E.M. Autobiography of Edward M. Bassett. Harbor Press, New York, 1939. Chapter XIII (pp. 107-115). Retrieved 3-19-19 from https://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Papers/Bassett%20Autobiography%20ar17.pdf[permanent dead link]
- ^ Dunlap, David W. (July 25, 2016). "Zoning Arrived 100 Years Ago. It Changed New York City Forever". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
- ^ Renner, Andrea. The 1916 Zoning Ordinance. In Zoning's Next Century: Last year zoning turned 100. What will the next century bring? The Urbanist, Issue 559, April 17, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2017 from http://www.spur.org/publications/urbanist-article/2017-04-30/zonings-next-century
- ^ Bassett, Edward M. (February 1930). "The Freeway: A New Kind of Thoroughfare". American City. 42: 95.
- ^ Korr, Jeremy (2008). "Physical and Social Constructions of the Capital Beltway". In Mauch, Christof & Zeller, Thomas (eds.). The World Beyond the Windshield: Roads and Landscapes in the United States and Europe. Athens: Ohio University Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780821417676.
- ^ Karnes, Thomas L. (2009). Asphalt and Politics: A History of the American Highway System. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. p. 131. ISBN 9780786442829.
- ^ Swift, Earl (2011). The Big Roads: The Untold Story of the Engineers, Visionaries, and Trailblazers Who Created the American Superhighways. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 110. ISBN 9780547549132. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
- ^ Brooks, Lee M. (1938). Abbott, Edith; Bassett, Edward M. (eds.). "Communal Decency in Democracy?". Social Forces. 16 (3): 432–434. doi:10.2307/2570821. ISSN 0037-7732.
- ^ "Edward Bassett". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
Further reading
edit- Wilhelm, Carl. Bassett shaped Gotham's towers. Brooklyn Eagle, May 9, 1926, p. 10.
- Bassett, E.M. The master plan, with a discussion of the theory of community land planning legislation. New York: Russell Sage foundation, 1938.
- Bassett, E. M. Zoning. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1936
- List of National Planning Pioneers, American Planning Association
- Milestones in American City Planning: from the Plan of Chicago to the Crash. National Building Museum, Spring 1992.