The East Prussian offensive[6] was a strategic offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front (World War II). It lasted from 13 January to 25 April 1945, though some German units did not surrender until 9 May. The Battle of Königsberg was a major part of the offensive, which ended in victory for the Red Army.
| East Prussian offensive | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Eastern Front of World War II | |||||||||
 Soviet offensive in East Prussia | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Soviet Union Kampfgruppen[1] |
 Germany  Italian Social Republic | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Konstantin Rokossovsky Aleksandr Vasilevsky Ivan Bagramyan |
Georg-Hans Reinhardt Lothar Rendulic Friedrich Hossbach Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller Erhard Raus Walter Weiß Dietrich von Saucken | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 1,669,100 men,[3] 3,000 tanks, 25,000 guns, 3,000 aircraft | 580,000 men, 200,000 Volkssturm troopers, 700 tanks, 8200 guns and 700 aircraft | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
126,464 dead or missing 458,314 wounded and sick[4] |
Unknown killed or wounded 220,000 captured[5] | ||||||||
The East Prussian offensive is known to German historians as the second East Prussian offensive. The first East Prussian offensive (also known as the Gumbinnen Operation), took place from 16 to 27 October 1944, and was carried out by the 3rd Belorussian Front under General I.D. Chernyakhovsky as part of the Memel offensive[7] of the 1st Baltic Front. The Soviet forces took heavy casualties while penetrating 30–60 km (19–37 mi) into east-northern part of Poland, and the offensive was postponed until greater reserves could be gathered.
The offensive
editThe main thrust of the offensive was to be conducted by the 3rd Belorussian Front under Ivan Chernyakhovsky. His forces were tasked with driving westwards towards Königsberg, against the defensive positions of the 3rd Panzer Army and 4th Army, the northern armies of Generaloberst Georg-Hans Reinhardt's Army Group Centre.[8]
From the north, on Chernyakhovsky's right flank, General Hovhannes Bagramyan's 1st Baltic Front would attack the positions of the 3rd Panzer Army on the Neman, as well as crushing its small bridgehead at Memel. Chernyakhovsky's left flank would be supported by the 2nd Belorussian Front of Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky, which was initially ordered to push north-west to the Vistula, through the lines of the 2nd Army, thereby sealing off the whole of East Prussia.[9]
Opening of the offensive
edit
The Soviet offensive began on 13 January with a heavy preparatory bombardment. At first, the Red Army made disappointing progress; the 3rd Belorussian Front gained just 1.5 km on the first day. Over the next five days, the Soviets managed to advance only a further 20 km, at the cost of very high casualties. Eventually, after almost two weeks of severe fighting, the Red Army began making steady progress, although again, this came at the price of high losses; the defenders having the advantage of substantial fortifications in the Insterburg Gap east of Königsberg, and around Heilsberg. Over the next few days, the 3rd Panzer Army of Generaloberst Erhard Raus was largely destroyed or withdrew into Königsberg, while General der Infanterie Friedrich Hossbach′s 4th Army began to find itself outflanked.
Against fierce resistance, Rokossovsky attacked across the Narew on 14 January; on 20 January, he received orders to swing the axis of his advance northward toward Elbing.[10] This sudden change of direction caught Reinhardt and Hossbach by surprise; on Rokossovsky's right flank, the 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps captured the major town of Allenstein on 22 January, threatening the rear of Hossbach's formation.[11] On 24 January, Rokossovsky's leading tank units had reached the shore of the Vistula Lagoon, severing land communications with the rest of German armed forces for the entire 4th Army along with several divisions of the 2nd Army which were now trapped in a pocket centered on East Prussia. On the same day, Hossbach began to pull his units back from the fortified town of Lötzen—a center of the East Prussian defence system—and through a series of forced marches attempted to break out westward.[12]
In the meantime, Chernyakhovsky had succeeded in rolling up the defences from the East, pushing the remnants of the 3rd Panzer Army into Königsberg and Samland. On 28 January, Bagramyan's forces captured Memel; the remnants of the three divisions defending the town were evacuated and redeployed in Samland to reinforce the defence there.
The siege of Königsberg and the Heiligenbeil pocket
edit
With the remnants of Army Group Centre effectively contained, Soviet forces could concentrate on reducing the German forces in Pomerania and eliminating any possible threat to the northern flank of their eventual advance on Berlin. Reinhardt and Hossbach—who had attempted to break out of East Prussia and save their troops—were relieved of command, and the Army Group (redesignated Army Group North) was placed under the command of Generaloberst Lothar Rendulic. Reinhardt gave up his command with the words "There is nothing more to say".[13] Raus and the staff of the destroyed 3rd Panzer Army were assigned to a new formation. The defending forces, in the meantime, were besieged in three pockets by Chernyakhovsky's armies:
- Some 15 divisions of the 4th Army had become encircled on the shore of the Vistula Lagoon in what became known as the Heiligenbeil Pocket. After bitter fighting, these units were finally overcome on 29 March.[14]
- The remnants of 3rd Panzer Army—placed under 4th Army's command—became isolated in the siege of Königsberg. The city was finally taken by the Soviets—after massive casualties on both sides—on 9 April. After this point the remaining German forces around the Bight of Danzig were reorganised into Armee Ostpreußen under the overall command of Dietrich von Saucken.
- The third group of German forces—the XXVIII Army Corps or Armeeabteilung Samland under General der Infanterie Hans Gollnick—occupied the Samland Peninsula, where the port of Pillau was retained as the last effective evacuation point for the area. The last elements were cleared from Pillau on 25 April in the Samland offensive.
Even after this time, German forces continued to resist on the Vistula Spit, the long sandbar enclosing the Vistula Lagoon, until the end of the war.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Willy Wolff (1976) [1973]. An der Seite der Roten Armee На стороне Красной армии.
- ^ https://www.maxafiero.it/articolo1.htm
- ^ This covers all personnel of the 3rd and 2nd Belorussian Fronts, and the elements of 1st Baltic Front involved (Glantz & House 1995, p. 300).
- ^ Glantz & House 1995, p. 300.
- ^ Владимирович, Пигарев Ростислав. "Восточно-Прусская стратегическая наступательная операция (13.01—25.04.1945)". geroiros.narod.ru.
- ^ Russian: Восточно-Прусская стратегическая наступательная операция
- ^ Russian: Мемельская операция)
- ^ Beevor 2002, p. 29.
- ^ Beevor 2002, p. 27.
- ^ Duffy 1991, p. 170.
- ^ Duffy 1991, p. 171.
- ^ Duffy 1991, p. 172.
- ^ Duffy 1991, p. 173.
- ^ Beevor 2002, p. 49.
References
edit- Beevor, Antony (2002), Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-670-88695-5
- Duffy, Christopher (1991), Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March on Germany, 1945, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-22829-8
- Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan (1995), When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, ISBN 0-7006-0899-0
Further reading
edit- Map of the Soviet Advance into East Prussia & Siege of Königsberg January 13 - May 9, 1945, archived from the original on 10 April 2006
- Glantz, David M., The Soviet-German War 1941–45]: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay (PDF), pp. 84–87, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011
- Popov, Grigory (2020). Красный шторм зимой 1945 г. Восточно-Прусская наступательная операция [Red Storm in winter 1945: The East Prussian offensive operation] (in Russian). Moscow: Veche. ISBN 978-5-4484-2371-0.
Memoirs
edit- Kopelev, Lev (1977), To Be Preserved Forever (Russian: Хранить вечно) (English translation by A. Austin, Lippincott ed.), Lippincott, ISBN 978-0-397-01140-7 — Includes his experiences in East Prussia during the offensive
- Lasch, Otto (2002) [1958], So fiel Königsberg (English: Thus fell Königsberg), Motorbuch Verlag, ISBN 978-3-613-02207-2 — Otto Lasch was the commander of Festung Königsberg (fortress Königsberg) during the siege.
- Solzhenitsyn, leksandr, Prussian Nights
- Vasilevsky, Aleksandr (1981), A Lifelong Cause (translation by J. Riordan ed.), Progress — His memoirs cover his role in the offensive.