Hybridization and polyploidy are common phenomena in ferns, and the genus Dryopteris is known to be one of the most freely-hybridizing fern genera.[1] North American botanists recognized early that there were close relationships between many of the species of Dryopteris on the continent, and that these relationships reflected hybrid ancestry.[2] The complex includes six sexual diploid parents (one of which, "D. semicristata", is hypothesized to be extinct[3]), six sexual allopolyploids, and numerous sterile hybrids at various ploidal levels.
Diploid species
edit- Dryopteris intermedia
- Dryopteris expansa
- Dryopteris goldieana
- Dryopteris ludoviciana
- Dryopteris marginalis
- Dryopteris "semicristata"
Allopolyploid species
edit- Dryopteris carthusiana (D. intermedia × "D. semicristata"; allotetraploid)
- Dryopteris campyloptera (D. intermedia × D. expansa; allotetraploid)
- Dryopteris celsa (D. goldieana × D. ludoviciana; allotetraploid)
- Dryopteris clintoniana (D. cristata × D. goldieana; allohexaploid)
- Dryopteris cristata (D. ludovicana × "D. semicristata"; allotetraploid)
- Dryopteris filix-mas (progenitors D. caucasica and D. oreades)
Other hybrids
edit- Dryopteris × australis (D. celsa × D. ludoviciana; triploid)
- Dryopteris × bootii (D. cristata × D. intermedia; triploid)
- Dryopteris × critica (D. borreri × D. filix-mas)[4]
- Dryopteris × complexa aggregate (D. filix-mas and D. affinis; tetraploid)[4]
- Dryopteris × convoluta (D. cambrensis × D. filix-mas)[4]
- Dryopteris × deweveri (D. dilatata × D. carthusiana)[4]
- Dryopteris × neo-wherryi (D. goldieana × D. marginalis; diploid)
- Dryopteris × triploidea (D. carthusiana × D. intermedia; triploid)
References
edit- ^ Sessa, Emily B.; Zhang, Li-Bing; Väre, Henry; Juslén, Aino (2015-08-01). "What We Do (and Don't) Know About Ferns: Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) as a Case Study". Systematic Botany. 40 (2): 387–399. doi:10.1600/036364415X688844.
- ^ Montgomery, J; Wagner, WH (1993). Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 2. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Sessa, Emily B; Zimmer, Elizabeth A; Givnish, Thomas J (2012). "Unraveling reticulate evolution in North American Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (1): 104. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-104. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3509404. PMID 22748145.
- ^ a b c d Murphy, Rosaline J.; Page, Christopher N.; Parslow, Rosemary E.; Bennallick, Ian J. (2012). Ferns, Clubmosses, Quillworts and Horsetails of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Truro: ERCCIS. ISBN 978-1-902864-07-5.