Nikolaos Galatis (Greek: Νικόλαος Γαλάτης; c. 1792–1819) was a Greek pre-revolutionary figure from Ithaca and one of the founding members of the Filiki Etairia, the secret revolutionary society.[1][2] He was initiated into the society by Nikolaos Skoufas in Odessa,[3] and in turn he initiated many others into the revolutionary society, some of whom became important figures in the events of 1821.[4][3] Despite his efforts in promoting the society in its early years, he was accused of various misdemeanours and follies, and was eventually assassinated by other members of the society just a few years after joining.[5][6][7][8][9][2]
Nikolaos Galatis | |
|---|---|
| Νικόλαος Γαλάτης | |
 | |
| Born | 1792 or 1794 Ithaca, Greece |
| Died | 1819 |
| Cause of death | Assassinated |
| Monuments | Plaque and memorial at town square of Anogi, Ithaca |
| Known for | Member of the Filiki Etairia |
| Title | Count (self titled) |
| Movement | Prelude to Greek war of independence |
| Relatives | Eustathios Galatis (archimandrite), brother |
| Family | Galatis |
| Signature | |
 | |
Background and early life
edit
Nikolaos Galatis was born in either Anogi or Kioni in Ithaca,[9] Greece, to a noble family of the Ionian Islands who had first received noble privileges in the late 14th and early 15th centuries under the Tocco family.[10] He is described by one report as 'a young Ithacan, handsome, from a noble family'.[11]
The only information known about the direct family of Nikolaos comes from the archival records of his being questioned by Russian authorities in 1817.[12] He had a brother, Eustathios, an archimandrite, who attempted to seek revenge for his brother after he was assassinated in 1819.[13] He styled himself as a 'Count'.[10][14] According to his own account, his father was a diplomat:
I was born on the island of Ithaca. My parents, who are still alive, still live there today. My father holds property there and is a diplomat by profession.[15]
He was educated and cultivated, sufficiently so to join the Philomuse Society at Athens.[16] He claimed to have been educated at the prestigious school at Kydonies (today Ayvalik, Turkey),[15] and spoke Italian and French with sufficient fluency that he would use both of these languages professionally.[16] He spoke French with Capodistria when the two met in Russia.[16] After studying for an uncertain amount of time at Kydonies, he served as a scrivano (secretary) for Ali Pasha at Janina, for approximately 18 months.[16] He was arrested by officials in British-ruled Corfu in February 1816, for reasons which remain unclear,[17] and upon being asked why he believed he was being questioned, he responded: 'I do not know, I cannot think of anything other than because I worked in the service of Ali Pasha'.[16]
Revolutionary activities
editToward the end of 1816, Nikolaos Galatis set off for Odessa (now Ukraine), where he met with members of the Greek community who were involved in the young revolutionary movement. In Odessa, he met members of the secret Filiki Eteria including Nikolaos Skoufas, Emmanouil Xanthos and Athanasios Tsakalov.[2] He was soon initiated into the secret society by Skoufas, one of its founding members.[3][1] He was either the third or fifth member of the society in sequence of initiation.[4] After joining, in 1817, Galatis headed for Russia with the aim of seeking support for the Greek revolutionary cause.[3][18][19] Galatis wrote to Ioannis Capodistria, Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire under Tsar Alexander I, whom he asked to allow him to come to St Petersburg in order 'to make an announcement of great significance'.[14] The Tsar consented:
Write to tell him to come. It would be a good thing for us to see what kind of person he is from up close.[14]
In St Petersburg, Galatis, who claimed to be a cousin of Capodistria's,[10] asked him to take up the leadership of the secret society, which Capodistria resolutely refused.[20] Capodistria as Foreign Minister was seeking to uphold Russia's peaceful engagement with its European neighbours (including with the Ottoman Empire), and the call to take part in the Greek revolutionary movement was untenable since it would threaten Russia's foreign policy.[21] In St Petersburg, Galatis styled himself as a count and wore the uniform of the National Guard of the Ionian Islands.[2][21] This led Capodistria to see him as 'nothing more than an adventurer',[21] or as Capodistria later recalled his response to Galatis:
Sir, if anyone were to consider this plan, he would have to be insane; and in order to speak to me about it in this place, where I have the honour to serve a great and sovereign Monarch, he would have to be, as you are, a young man who has just abandoned the rocks of Ithaca and is being led astray by some blind passion. ... you must tell your command that, if they do not wish to be destroyed and to lead their innocent and unfortunate nation to ruin, they must give up their revolutionary activities, and to live as they did before, under whichever government happens to exist, until such a time that Divine Providence decides otherwise.[14]
References
edit- ^ a b Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. (2002). Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos. Kedros. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299.
- ^ a b c d "Ο αμφιλεγόμενος Φιλικός Νικόλαος Γαλάτης και η εκτέλεσή του". ΑΡΓΟΛΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΕΙΑΚΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ (in Greek). 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
- ^ a b c d Prōtopsaltēs, E. G. (1964). Hē philikē hetaireia : anamnēstikon teuchos epi tē 150 etēridi. pp. 36–7. OCLC 603365958.
- ^ a b Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. (2002). Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos. Kedros. pp. 74–79. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299.
- ^ Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. (2002). Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos. Kedros. pp. 220–223. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299.
- ^ Φιλήμων, Ιωάννης (1859–61). Δοκίμιον ιστορικόν περί της Φιλικής Εταιρίας.
- ^ "Ο αμφιλεγόμενος Φιλικός Νικόλαος Γαλάτης και η εκτέλεσή του". ARGOLIKOS ARCHIVAL LIBRARY OF HISTORY AND CULTURE. 28 March 2018.
- ^ Ξάνθος, Εμμανουήλ (1939). Απομνημονεύματα περί της Φιλικής Εταιρίας (vol 2 ed.). Αθήνα. pp. 32–33.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Lekatsas, Gerasimos D (1931). Nikolaos Galates kai Filike Hetaireia. Kavala. p. 3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. (2002). Nikolaos Galates ho Filikos. Kedros. pp. 25–29. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299.
- ^ Τάκης X. Κανδηλώρος (1926). Η Φιλικής Εταιρία, 1814-1821. Athens. p. 122.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Dêmêtrakópoulos, Odusséas. (1974–75). Proetairistikês drastêriótêtes tou filikoú Nikoláou Galátê. [Etaireá Stereoelladikôn Meletôn]. OCLC 222574147.
- ^ Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. (2002). Nikolaos Galatis ho Filikos. Kedros. pp. 29, 254–8. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299.
- ^ a b c d Καποδίστριας, Ιωάννης (1976). Αρχείον Ιωάννου Καποδίστρια. Vol. 1. Εταιρεία Κερκυραϊκών Σπουδών. pp. 36–7.
- ^ a b Dêmêtrakópoulos, Odusséas. (1974–75). Proetairistikês drastêriótêtes tou filikoú Nikoláou Galátê. [Etaireá Stereoelladikôn Meletôn]. p. 377. OCLC 222574147.
- ^ a b c d e Dêmêtrakópoulos, Odusséas. (1974–75). Proetairistikês drastêriótêtes tou filikoú Nikoláou Galátê. [Etaireá Stereoelladikôn Meletôn]. p. 366. OCLC 222574147.
- ^ Moraitinis-Patriarcheas, Eleutherios. (2002). Nikolaos Galatis ho filikos. Kedros. pp. 31–2. ISBN 960-04-2189-7. OCLC 1085554299.
- ^ Arsh, Grigoriĭ Lʹvovich (1970). Этеристкое движение в России. Освободит. борьба греч. народа в начале XIX в. и рус.-греч. связи (in Russian). Москва. OCLC 2730555.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Arsh, Grigoriĭ Lʹvovich. Hē Philikē Hetaireia stē Rōsia : ho apeleutherōtikos agōnas tou hellēnikou laou stis arches tou 19ou aiōna kai hoi hellēnorōsikes scheseis. Svolopoulos, Kōnstantinos D.,, Materē, Panagiōta,, Materēs, Dēmetrios. Athēna. ISBN 978-960-491-039-7. OCLC 903091463.
- ^ Kapodistrias, Iōannēs Antōniou, 1776-1831. (1968). Αυτοβιογραφια Ιωαννου Καποδιστρια. Athenai. pp. 82–3. OCLC 798066887.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Dakin, Douglas. (1973). The Greek struggle for independence, 1821-1833. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-520-02342-0. OCLC 654065.