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Dorothy Jung Echols (September 9, 1916 – February 4, 1997) was an American geologist known for her significant contributions to the field of micropaleontology and her instrumental role in the Deep Sea Drilling Project. She also held a distinguished position as a professor for the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. She was well known for her work in geology and was active in the geoscience community until her death in 1997.
Dorothy Jung Echols | |
|---|---|
| Born | Dorothy Ann Elizabeth Jung September 9, 1916 |
| Died | February 4, 1997 (aged 80) |
| Education | Bachelor of Arts in Geology Masters Degree in Geology |
| Alma mater | New York University • Columbia University |
| Occupation(s) | Geologist • Professor for Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, |
| Employer | Washington University in St. Louis |
| Known for | Contributions in the Petroleum Industry in 1938 to 1946 |
| Awards | Neil A. Miner Award given out by the National Association of Geoscience Teachers |
Biography
editEchols, although born in The Bronx, grew up and attended high school in Brooklyn. When asked what her career aspirations were, she responded, “I like minerals.”[1] Echols received her Bachelor of Arts degree in geology from New York University in 1936 and graduated with distinction, where she also served as the captain of the Varsity Swim team from 1934 to 1935. She was a member of the Women's Swimming Association, receiving the Florence Frankel medal for displaying excellence in swimming. She later went on to receive her master's degree in Geology from Columbia University in 1938.[1] Afterwards, she moved to Texas, hoping to get a job. Within the same year she obtained a position at Republic Production Company and worked there for three years as both a Paleontologist and a Micropaleontologist.
In 1941, she married Leonard S. Echols, a research chemist working for Shell, and they moved to New York, leaving her job with Republic Production Company. Together they had four children: Leonard S. Echols III, Jon Jung Echols, Lizette DePue Echols, and William Ring Echols. In 1942, they moved to St. Louis and built a home. Between 1946 and 1951, Echols became a geologic consultant for Pond Fork, an oil and gas company.[2] By 1948, she was working as a Laboratory Instructor for Washington University in the Department of Geology. In 1951, she was hired as a research associate in the department to fill the position that her colleague, Betty Nadeau, had filled prior.[1]
Her husband Leonard passed away in 1963. She continued to teach at the university until 1982, when she retired from her position. During her career at Washington University, she served as thesis advisor and was a chair member on multiple doctoral committees, despite never obtaining a doctorate herself. Other than her contributions in Geo-science, her legacy included being an exceptional teacher. After retiring, Echols received the Neil A. Miner Award from the National Association of Geology Teachers, which is awarded to individuals who promote interest in earth sciences.
In January 1997, Echols was diagnosed with lung cancer, which caused her death on February 4, 1997.
Early life and background
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2023) |
Echols's upbringing in The Bronx and later Brooklyn played a pivotal role in shaping her personality. Growing up in a bustling urban environment, Echols always displayed an innate curiosity for the natural world. This was evident when she expressed her love for minerals at a young age. Her participation in swimming not only showcased her determination but also highlighted her ability to balance both academic and extracurricular pursuits, a trait she carried into her professional life.[3]
Her formative years instilled in her a fascination with the intricacies of the natural world, setting the foundation for her future in geology. Her early expression of interest in minerals hinted at her natural inclination towards earth sciences. Beyond her academic interests, Echols was an active swimmer, demonstrating an early knack for discipline and resilience—qualities that would later define her scientific career. Her ability to excel in both scholastic and athletic endeavors from a young age foreshadowed her multifaceted talents and her future ability to navigate the challenges of being a pioneer in a male-dominated field.
Contributions to geology
editEchols became involved in the petroleum industry from 1938 to 1946 which led her to work on the Deep Sea Drilling Project. During this time Echols was one of the few female geologist working in the petroleum industry.[4] The Deep Sea Drilling Project, which gathered information that would help determine the age and processes of ocean basins, consulted her as shipboard Sedimentologist.[1][5] In 1948 Echols explained Wilcox's relationship with the Midway sea through time. Additionally, she found where and discovered that the petroleum deposits were so rich in that area due to the surrounding materials (basal sand, shale, etc.), and the interaction of these surrounding materials with one another. These interactions allowed for the petroleum to seep into the sands and become trapped in an impenetrable seal of rock.[6] In addition, much of her career was spent in the field of micropaleontology, specializing in microfossils. Prior to American publication Echols was published in three Russian publications with her discovery of new Paleozoic Ostracode genera and species. These reports reclassified many species discovered in Russia as well as contained depictions and reclassifications of previously discovered genera and species. Echols was published in three separate reports in 1952, Netskaia A. I., Polinova E. N. and Zaspelova V. S.[7] Afterwards, she published an article in the Micropaleontology magazine, titled "Chalk crayons and microfossil contamination" alongside Harold L. Levin, first published on January 1, 1964.[8] In May 1966 Echols discovered that holotypes previously classified as Cephalopoda were structurally incompatible with this classification. She claimed they should rather be placed in the Monoplacophora based on cross-sectioning completed on fossils in the area. She found conclusive evidence that no specimen collected indicated any structures evident of being classified a Cephalopoda.[9] In 1956, Echols pioneered the idea that Ostracod carapaces moved during Fern Glen Formation because of currents moving over shallow areas.[10] This study was a vital foundation for further research. In 1961, Echols was involved in the discovery of an extinct species of Trilobite from the Kimmswick Limestone found in Missouri.[11] The image to the left shows two Paleontologists, Echols and Murlene Clark aboard a Drilling vessel during the deep sea drilling project which lasted from 1968 to 1983. The project provided knowledge of biostratigraphic data about sediments underground, which provided an estimated paleontological age for many unusual sediments underneath. And among them was Echols who worked in the petroleum industry as a geologist and paleontologist, studying microfossils and she was one of the few female geologists working in that era.
In a pivotal 1948 publication co-authored with Doris S. Malkin, 'Wilcox (Eocene) Stratigraphy, a Key to Production,' Echols expanded the understanding of Eocene stratigraphy and its implications for petroleum geology. Their work dissected the complex sedimentation patterns and stratigraphic sequences of the Wilcox Group, a significant geological formation known for its hydrocarbon potential. By interpreting the regional deltaic sedimentation and the stratigraphic history, they highlighted the productive sands in the Wilcox fields that span Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, mapping out the trends that informed petroleum production up until 1945. This research not only contributed to the academic field but also had practical applications, influencing exploration and extraction strategies in the industry. Echols' ability to connect geological understanding with practical outcomes underscored her role as a leading figure in integrating scientific research with industry applications
Challenges as a woman in geology
editEchols, as one of the few women in geology during the mid-20th century,[12] faced significant challenges. In an era where the field was predominantly male, her determination and expertise led her to make substantial contributions, particularly in petroleum geology and micropaleontology. Her involvement in groundbreaking projects like the Deep Sea Drilling Project highlighted her skills and resilience in overcoming the gender biases prevalent in her field. Her legacy is not only in her scientific achievements but also in paving the way for future generations of women geologists.[citation needed]
Contribution to the Deep Sea Drilling Project
edit
Echols pioneered The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), which was an ambitious scientific endeavor aimed at exploring the composition and structure of the Earth's oceanic crust by drilling and coring deep below the ocean floor. Initiated in 1968, the project was the first of its kind to provide extensive direct sampling of deep ocean basins. This was an immense leap forward in the field of oceanography and geology, as it offered unprecedented insights into Earth's geological past, including the history of its oceans, the development of its crust, and the processes that govern plate tectonics.
The project used the drilling vessel Glomar Challenger to recover samples of sediment and basaltic crust from various depths and locations across the world's oceans. These samples were crucial for testing and confirming theories like plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading. The project revealed the age and distribution of oceanic crust and provided evidence for past climate conditions by examining sediment layers.
Echols's role as a sedimentologist and micropaleontologist in this project involved analyzing the recovered cores for microfossil content—which includes the remains of tiny organisms such as foraminifera, diatoms, and coccolithophores. Such microfossils are invaluable in dating the sediments and reconstructing past environmental conditions, thus aiding in the understanding of Earth's climatic and geological history.[12]
The DSDP was foundational in establishing the field of paleoceanography—the study of ocean history through geology and paleontology. It set the stage for subsequent scientific ocean drilling programs, continuing to expand our knowledge of the Earth's subsurface conditions and history.
Echols's expertise in microfossils—the minute remains of organisms that lived in past geologic ages—enabled her to contribute to the field's understanding of how these tiny creatures' distribution and composition could indicate the presence and locations of petroleum reserves. Her insights helped shape the scientific community's understanding of sediment deposition and stratigraphic sequences, which are vital for hydrocarbon exploration.
Her efforts in the Deep Sea Drilling Project also contributed to a broader understanding of paleo-oceanography—the study of the history of the oceans in the geological past, with implications for both scientific research and the petroleum industry. Echols's ability to work on the cutting edge of geological research, coupled with her pioneering spirit as one of the few women in her field at the time, left a durable mark on the sciences of micropaleontology and sedimentology.
Awards and achievements
editEchols was known for her presence on the deep sea drilling project making her one of the first female geologist working in the petroleum field. Later on she was listed as a noteworthy geological consultant by Marquis who's who.[citation needed]
In 1979 during her later years she and a close friend of hers Doris Malkin Curtis who had also participated in the deep sea drilling project created a geological consulting firm. This consulting firm was made to help with mapping out deposition which helped understand and locate hydrocarbons. The firm was named, 'Curtis and Echols'.[citation needed]
In 1982, the year she retired she received the Neil A Miner award from the National association of Geology [13] teachers for her "exceptional contributions to the stimulation of interest in the earth sciences....".[1] Her passionate teaching of graduate and undergraduate courses resulted in her students becoming responsible members of geological professions.[citation needed]
This award is presented annually to recognize exceptional contributions to the stimulation of interest in the Earth sciences, as well as for significant contributions to the fields of geology, geophysics, or earth science education. Receiving the Neil A. Miner Award is a testament to Echols's extensive contributions to earth sciences, both through her research and her dedication to teaching and inspiring future generations of geologists.[according to whom?]
The award acknowledged not only her groundbreaking work in the field but also her passion for education, as evidenced by her influential teaching career at Washington University in St. Louis. Her commitment to advancing the understanding of Earth's geological processes and her role as a mentor to students in geology solidified her reputation as a leading figure in geological education.[according to whom?]
Publications
editEchols published many pieces of writing throughout her years studying and teaching geology at schools in America. Some of her most influential pieces are listed below.[14]
| Year | Publication |
|---|---|
| 1954 | New Paleozoic Ostracode Genera and Species Reported in Three Russian Publications |
| 1958 | Three dimensional graptolites in the Maquoketa shale (Upper Ordovician) of Missouri |
| 1959 | Survey of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian Ostracoda recorded in the United States |
| 1964 | Chalk crayons and microfossil contamination |
| 1965 | Precambrian Graphitic Compressions of Possible Biologic Origin from Canada |
| 1967 | Naked Foraminifera from Shallow-Water Environments: ABSTRACT |
| 1967 | Naked foraminifera from shallow water environments |
| 1969 | Some Comparisons of Neogene Microbiostratigraphy in Offshore Louisiana and Blake Plateau: ABSTRACT |
| 1979 | Chronicle of Miocene, Phase III: Middle Miocene Events: ABSTRACT |
| 1981 | Environmental Adaptations of Elphidium subarcticum: ABSTRACT |
| 1985 | "Bolboforma": A Miocene Algae of Possible Biostratigraphic and Paleoclimatic Value |
| 1987 | Prediction of sands in low stand wedges using biostratigraphy, in Innovative biostratigraphic approaches to sequence analysis (with Curtis D.M) [1] |
| 1987 | Applications of geochronology to stratigraphic interpretation and correlation (with Curtis D.M)[1] |
In 1958, Echols along with Courtney Werner, wrote a journal of what they have studied and identified in the Maquoketa shale of Missouri. What they've found in their work was a light brown coloured shale which contained a varied fauna that lied deep within it. This included ostracizes, bryozoans, brachiopods, conodonts, pelecypods and quantities of pieces of unpressed and completely replaced graptolites that were unusually preserved beneath it.[15] The unpressed graptolites belonged to the genus Climacograptus and possibly the Climacograptus putillus Hall.[15]
In 1956, Echols took part in writing a journal called the Journal of Paleontology, specifically written in volume 30. She worked with other writers; John J. Gouty on Fern Glen (Mississippian) Ostracoda, Bruce L. Stinchcomb on Missouri Upper Cambrian Monoplacophora previously considered cephalopods, and Werner on Three Dimensional Graptolites in the Maquoketa Shale (Upper Ordovician) of Missouri. The writings in the journal describes the journey and findings of Echols on the trips she took, her findings being animal fossils located in their original habitats. She was also able to collect samples of different rocks as well. Echols and Gouty wrote in depth about their studies in fern glen (Mississippian) Ostracoda. They sectioned the land into 4 pieces allowing them to go deeper in research and collect sedimentary samples and within were Ostracods. Echols and Stinchcomb found a fossil locality where the animal's original location was. The structure of the fossils seemed to have cone-shaped forms and seemed to be curved.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Price, L.Greer. "Memorial to Dorothy Jung Echols" (PDF). rock.geosociety.com.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Price, L. Greer. "Memorial to Dorothy Jung Echols 1916–1997" (PDF). The Geological Society of America: 69–72.
- ^ Geological Society of America (December 1997). "Memorial to Dorothy Jung Echols" (PDF).
- ^ "Paleontologists, Dorothy Jung Echols and Murle..." UC San Diego Library | Digital Collections. 1981. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
- ^ "covering Leg 58 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger Yokohama, Japan to Okinawa, Japan December 1977 — January 1978" (PDF). Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. LVIII. August 1980.
- ^ Jung Echols, Dorothy (1948). "Wilcox (Eocene) Stratigraphy, A Key to Production". AAPG Bulletin. 32.
- ^ Echols, Dorothy Jung (1954). "New Paleozoic Ostracode Genera and Species Reported in Three Russian Publications (1952)". The Micropaleontologist. 8 (3): 30–40. doi:10.2307/1483982. JSTOR 1483982.
- ^ Echols, Dorothy Jung; Levin, Harold L. (1964). "Chalk crayons and microfossil contamination". Micropaleontology. 10 (1): 80. Bibcode:1964MiPal..10...80E. doi:10.2307/1484627. JSTOR 1484627.
- ^ Stinchcomb, Bruce L.; Echols, Dorothy Jung (1966). "Missouri Upper Cambrian Monoplacophora Previously Considered Cephalopods". Journal of Paleontology. 40 (3): 647–650. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1301748.
- ^ Echols, Dorothy Jung (November 1956). "Fern Glen (Mississippian) Ostracoda". Journal of Paleontology. 30 (6): 1315–1323. JSTOR 1300585.
- ^ Esker, George C. (1961). "A New Species of Trilobite from the Kimmswick Limestone (Ordovician) of Missouri". Journal of Paleontology. 35 (6): 1241–1243. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1301070.
- ^ a b Paleontologists, Dorothy Jung Echols and Murlene Clark, aboard the drilling vessel, D/V Glomar Challenger (ship), during the Deep Sea Drilling Project. From 1938 to 1946, Echols worked in the petroleum industry as a geologist and micropaleontologist, specializing in microfossils. She was one of the few female geologists working in the petroleum industry during that era. In 1982, she received the Neil A. Miner Award from the National Association of Geology Teachers for her contributions to earth sciences. Clark, a professor of Geology, her primary interests include the fields of micropaleontology and paleo-oceanography. 1981, 1981, retrieved 2023-12-11
- ^ "Neil Miner Award". Awards. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
- ^ "D. J. Echols | Semantic Scholar". www.semanticscholar.org. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
- ^ a b Werner, Courtney; Echols, Dorothy Jung (1958). "Three Dimensional Graptolites in the Maquoketa Shale (Upper Ordovician) of Missouri". Journal of Paleontology. 32 (5): 1026–1029. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1300723.