The Artificial Intelligence Cold War (AI Cold War) is a narrative in which tensions between the United States of America (USA), the Russian Federation, and the People's Republic of China (PRC) lead to a Second Cold War waged in the area of artificial intelligence technology rather than in the areas of nuclear capabilities or ideology.[1] The context of the AI Cold War narrative is the AI arms race, which involves a build-up of military capabilities using AI technology by the US and China and the usage of increasingly advanced semiconductors which power those capabilities.
.jpg) Automotive semiconductors | |
| Date | 2018 – present |
|---|---|
| Type | Technological and geopolitical great power competition |
| Theme | AI Arms Race, Second Cold War |
| Cause | Geopolitical great power competition |
| Participants | |
Origins of the term
editThe term AI Cold War first appeared in 2018 in an article in Wired magazine by Nicholas Thompson and Ian Bremmer.[2] The two authors trace the emergence of the AI Cold War narrative to 2017, when China published its AI Development Plan, which included a strategy aimed at becoming the global leader in AI by 2030. While the authors acknowledge the use of AI by China to strengthen its authoritarian rule, they warn against the perils for the US of engaging in an AI Cold War strategy. Thompson and Bremmer rather advocate for a technological cooperation between the US and China to encourage global standards in privacy and ethical use of AI.
Shortly after the publication of the article in Wired magazine, the former U.S. Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson referred to the emergence of an ‘Economic Iron Curtain’ between the US and China, reinforcing the new AI Cold War narrative.[3]
Proponents of the AI Cold War narrative
editPolitico contributed to reinforcing the AI Cold War narrative. In 2020, the paper argued that because of the increasing AI capabilities of China, the US and other democratic countries have to create an alliance to stay ahead of China.[4]
Former Google chief executive Eric Schmidt, together with Graham T. Allison alleged in an article in Project Syndicate that, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the AI capabilities of China are ahead of the US in most critical areas.[5]
Scientists who have immigrated to the U.S. play an outsize role in the country's development of AI technology.[6] Many of them were educated in China, prompting debates about national security concerns amid worsening relations between the two countries.[7]
Policy and technology experts have pointed to concerns about unethical use of AI which would be primarily associated with China. Ethics would therefore constitute a major ideological divide in the upcoming AI Cold War.[8]
Fears around disrupting supply chains and a global semiconductor shortage are linked to Taiwan's critical role in the production of semiconductors. 70% of semiconductors are either produced in Taiwan or transfer through Taiwan, where TSMC, world's largest chipmaker is headquartered. The PRC does not recognize the sovereignty of Taiwan and trade restrictions by the US on companies selling semiconductors to the PRC have disrupted in the past the commercial relationships between TSMC and Huawei.[9]
Reactions to the AI Cold War
editReview of the validity of the AI Cold War narrative
editAcademics and observers expressed concerns about the validity and soundness of the AI Cold War narrative. Denise Garzia expressed concern in Nature that the AI Cold War narrative will undermine the efforts by the US to establish global rules for AI ethics.[10] Researchers have warned in MIT Technology Review that the breakdown in international collaboration in the area of science because of the threat of the alleged AI Cold War would be detrimental to progress.[11] Additionally, the AI Cold War narrative impacts on many more areas including the planning of supply chains and the proliferation of AI. The dissemination of the AI Cold War narrative could therefore be costly and destructive and exacerbate existing tensions.[11]
Joanna Bryson and Helena Malikova have pointed to Big Tech's potential interest in promoting the AI Cold War narrative, as technology companies lobby for less onerous regulation of AI in the US and the EU. A factual assessment of the existing AI capabilities of different countries shows a less binary reality than portrayed by the AI Cold War narrative.[12] The AI Cold War started as a narrative but it could turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy and fuel an arms race, not only because of corporate interests but also because of the existing interests at different national security departments.[13]
Regarding cyber power, the International Institute for Strategic Studies published a study in June 2021, which argued that the online capabilities of China have been exaggerated and that Chinese cyber power is at least a decade behind the US, largely due to lingering security issues.[14]
Restrictions to trading with China
editUS politicians and European industry players have invoked the looming AI Cold War as a reason to ban procurement by public authorities in Europe of Huawei 5G technology due to concerns over the Chinese state-sponsored surveillance industry.[15][16]
In 2019, the Trump administration successfully lobbied the Dutch government into stopping the Netherlands-based company ASML from exporting equipment to China.[17] ASML manufactures a machine called an extreme ultraviolet lithography system used by semiconductor producers, including TSMC and Intel to produce state-of the-art microchips.[18] The Biden administration adopted the same course of action as the Trump administration and requested the Netherlands to restrict sales by ASML to China, invoking national-security concerns.[18]
The trade restrictions imposed by the Trump administration affected semiconductors imports from China to the US[19] and raised concerns by the US industry that supply chains will be disrupted in case of an AI Cold War. This prompted US technology companies to develop mitigation strategies including hoarding semiconductors and trying to set up local semiconductor production facilities, with the support of government subsidies.[20]
Industrial policy initiatives
editUnited States
editIn June 2021, the US Senate approved the U.S. Innovation and Competition Act providing around 250 billion US dollars public money support to the US technological and manufacturing industry. The alleged Chinese threat in the area of technology helped secure a strong bipartisan support for the new legislation, amounting to the largest industrial policy move by the US in decades. Chinese authorities reproached to the US that the bill was “full of cold war zero-sum thinking”.[21]
The legislative bill is aimed at strengthening capabilities in the area of technology, such as quantum computing and AI specifically to face the competitive threat from China perceived as urgent. Senator Chuck Schumer, the leader of the Senate majority and one of the sponsors of the industrial policy bill invoked the threat of authoritarian regimes that want “grab the mantle of global economic leadership and own the innovations”.[22] In 2022, U.S. Innovation and Competition Act was amended and turned into the Chips and Science Act with planned spending of 280 billion US dollars, 53 billion thereof are allocated directly to subsidies for semiconductors manufacturing.[23]
Commentators identified possible positive effects on innovation from the US attempts to compete with China in a perceived rivalry.[24]
Among the main beneficiaries of the US CHIPS Act are the semiconductor producers Intel, TSMC and Micron Technology.[25]
European Chips Act
editIn February 2022, the European Union introduced its own European Chips Act initiative. The background of the initiative would be the objective of European strategic autonomy. The EU's initiative puts forward subsidies of 30 billion euros to encourage manufacturing of semiconductors in the EU. The US company Intel is one beneficiary of the initiative.[23]
The US and European chips acts raise concerns of protectionism and a risk of a subsidies "race to the bottom."[23]
New world order
editThe AI Cold War heralds a new world order in geopolitics, according to Hemant Taneja and Fareed Zakaria. This new world order is a departure from the unipolar system dominated by the US. It is characterized by existence of two parallel digital ecosystems, ran by China and the US. In order to succeed countries that consider themselves as democracies are to align their technological ecosystems to the one of the US, in a process labelled re-globalization.[26]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Champion, Marc (12 December 2019). "Digital Cold War". Bloomberg. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ "The AI Cold War That Threatens Us All". WIRED. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Curran, Enda (7 November 2018). "Paulson Warns of 'Economic Iron Curtain' Between U.S., China". Bloomberg. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Heath, Ryan (16 October 2020). "Artificial Intelligence Cold War on the horizon". Politico. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Schmidt, Eric; Allison, Graham (4 August 2020). "Is China Winning the AI Race?". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Gold, Ashley (June 27, 2023). "Exclusive: Immigrants play outsize role in the AI game". Axios. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ Mozur, Paul; Metz, Cade (9 June 2020). "A U.S. Secret Weapon in A.I.: Chinese Talent". The New York Times.
- ^ Lee Rainie; Janna Anderson; Emily A. Vogels (16 June 2021). Experts Doubt Ethical AI Design Will Be Broadly Adopted as the Norm Within the Next Decade (Report). Pew Research Center. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Slingerlend, Brad (2 June 2020). "Opinion: A semiconductor 'cold war' is heating up between the U.S. and China". Market Watch. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Garzia, Denise (11 May 2021). "Stop the emerging AI cold war". Nature. 593 (169): 169. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..169G. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01244-z. PMID 33976428. S2CID 234472939.
- ^ a b Webster, Graham (19 December 2018). "The US and China aren't in a "cold war," so stop calling it that /". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ Bryson, Joanna; Malikova, Helena (28 June 2021). "Is There an AI Cold War?". Global Perspectives University of California Press. 2 (1). doi:10.1525/gp.2021.24803. S2CID 237994596. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Waddell, Kaveh (8 May 2019). "Avoiding the AI weapons race". Axios. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Warrell, Helen (28 June 2021). "China's cyber power at least a decade behind the US, new study finds". The Financial Times. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Meyer, David (23 November 2018). "U.S. Urges Other Countries to Shun Huawei, Citing Espionage Risk". Fortune. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Doffman, Zak (22 December 2018). "As The AI Cold War Looms, Has Time Finally Been Called On China's Spy Industry?". Fortune. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Clark, Don (4 July 2021). "The Tech Cold War's 'Most Complicated Machine' That's Out of China's Reach". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
- ^ a b Woo, Stu; Jie, Yang (17 July 2021). "China Wants a Chip Machine From the Dutch. The U.S. Said No". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
- ^ Klayman, Ben; Nellis, Stephen (15 January 2021). "Trump's China tech war backfires on automakers as chips run short". Reuters. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Ioannou, Lori (18 September 2020). "A brewing U.S.-China tech cold war rattles the semiconductor industry". CNBC. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Ni, Vincent (9 June 2021). "China denounces US Senate's $250bn move to boost tech and manufacturing". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ Sanger, David E.; Edmondson, Catie; McCabe, David; Kaplan, Thomas (7 June 2021). "Senate Poised to Pass Huge Industrial Policy Bill to Counter China". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ a b c Timmers, Paul; Kreps, Sarah (20 December 2022). "Bringing economics back into EU and U.S. chips policy". Brookings. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ Shen, Lucinda (10 June 2021). "Will legislation on competing with China spur the next big thing akin to the internet?". Fortune. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ Clark, Don; Swanson, Ana (1 January 2023). "U.S. Pours Money Into Chips, but Even Soaring Spending Has Limits". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ Taneja, Hemant; Zakaria, Fareed (6 September 2023). "AI and the New Digital Cold War". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 25 December 2023.