In international relations, defence diplomacy (also known as military diplomacy[1]), refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives through the peaceful employment of defence resources and capabilities.
Origin of concept
editDefence diplomacy as an organizing concept for defence-related international activity has its origin in post-Cold War reappraisals of Western defence establishments, led by the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, and was a principle “used to help the West come to terms with the new international security environment.”[2] While the term originated in the West, the conduct of defence diplomacy is by no means confined to Western countries.[3]
Development
editWhile there is not yet a broadly accepted definition of defence diplomacy, it can be understood as the peaceful application of resources from across the spectrum of defence, to achieve positive outcomes in the development of a country's bilateral and multilateral relationships. "Military diplomacy" is a subset that tends to refer only to the role of military attachés and their associated activity. Defence diplomacy does not include military operations but subsumes such other defence activity as international personnel exchanges, ship and aircraft visits, high-level engagement (such as ministers[4] and senior defence personnel), bilateral meetings and staff talks,[5] training and exercises, regional defence forums (such as Shangri-La Dialogue, Halifax Forum), outreach, confidence and security building measures, and non-proliferation activities.
The United Kingdom identified defence diplomacy as one of the military's eight defence missions, and aims to “dispel hostility, build and maintain trust and assist in the development of democratically accountable armed forces” to make a “significant contribution to conflict prevention and resolution.”[6] Defence diplomacy is often developed and implemented in close coordination with the foreign and development ministries to ensure coherence and focus across government.
Major General Ng Chee Khern, Air Force Chief of the Republic of Singapore, summed it up thus: "In defence diplomacy, we seek to develop mutually beneficial relationships with friendly countries and armed forces to contribute to a stable international and regional environment."[7]
Defence diplomacy is often associated with conflict prevention[8] and security sector reform.[9] It is distinct from the concept of gunboat diplomacy, which is generally understood to be motivated by a desire to intimidate potential adversaries.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The use of military diplomacy in great power competition". Brookings. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ Koerner, Wolfgang. Security Sector Reform: Defence Diplomacy. Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information and Research Services PRB 06-12E. p. 2.
- ^ See, for example, Defence diplomacy, Indian Express, December 8, 2010 or Keep defence diplomacy alive, Brunei Times, July 6, 2011.
- ^ "Conference of Defence Ministers of the Americas". Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas. 18 September 2010. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
- ^ For example, the Canada-US Permanent Joint Board on Defence, "The Permanent Joint Board on Defence". www.forces.gc.ca. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
- ^ UK Ministry of Defence Policy Paper, “Paper no. 1: Defence Diplomacy”, p. 2
- ^ Major General Ng Chee Khern, Chief of Air Force, Republic of Singapore, cited in Pointer 34:1 (2008)
- ^ "Afri 2002, Volume Iii - the "Defence Diplomacy", Main Component of the Preventive Diplomacy. Toward a New Symbiosis Between Diplomacy and Defence". www.afri-ct.org. Centre Thucydid. January 2003. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
- ^ Wolfgang Koerner (May 17, 2006). "Security Sector Reform: Defence Diplomacy" (PDF). parl.gc.ca. Parliamentary Information and Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2011.