Data Analysis Expressions

Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) is the native formula and query language for Microsoft PowerPivot, Power BI Desktop and SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) Tabular models. DAX includes some of the functions that are used in Excel formulas with additional functions that are designed to work with relational data and perform dynamic aggregation. It is, in part, an evolution of the Multidimensional Expression (MDX) language developed by Microsoft for Analysis Services multidimensional models (often called cubes) combined with Excel formula functions. It is designed to be simple and easy to learn, while exposing the power and flexibility of PowerPivot and SSAS tabular models.

Background

The Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) language provides a specialized syntax for querying Analysis Services tabular model. DAX is not a programming language. DAX is primarily a formula language and is also a query language. You can use DAX to define custom calculations for Calculated Columns, Measures, Calculated Tables, Calculation Groups, Custom Format Strings, and filter expressions in role-based security in Tabular models. The same Analysis Services engine for Tabular models is also used in Power BI and Power Pivot for Excel. Power BI also uses DAX for conditional formatting expressions and other dynamic properties of visual components.

History

DAX was developed by the SQL Server Analysis Services team at Microsoft as part of Project Gemini and released in 2009 with the first version of the PowerPivot for Excel 2010 Add-in. Both DAX and MDX can be used to query PowerPivot and Tabular models, however only MDX may be used to query multidimensional SSAS models (cubes) in versions of SSAS up to SQL Server 2012 RTM. Future versions of SSAS (both multidimensional & tabular models) will support DAX natively. 2016 marks a significant improvement with the rapid adoption of Microsoft Power BI and SQL Server 2016. Power BI is a subscription-based self-service analytic tool and Power BI Desktop is a desktop analytic and report authoring application. SQL Server 2016 includes a new release of SQL Analysis Services Tabular with many improvements over previous versions. Enhancements to the DAX language after 2015 include support for calculated tables, automatic date table generation, variables and a total of 340 functions.

DAX data types

DAX can compute values for seven data types:

Integer
Real
Currency
Date (datetime)
TRUE/FALSE (Boolean)
String
Variant

The BLOB (binary large object) data type is managed by the Tabular model but cannot be directly manipulated by DAX expressions.

DAX has a powerful type-handling system so that you do not have to worry much about data types. When you write a DAX expression, the resulting type is based on the type of the terms used in the expression and on the operator used. Type conversion happens automatically during the expression evaluation. However, if an expression might return different data types depending on the conditions, then the data type of the expression is defined as Variant.^[1]

References

^ The Variant data type is used for expressions that might return different data types, depending on the conditions."Variant DAX Data Type". dax.guide.

"Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) (for SQL Server 2012) Overview". MSDN Library. Microsoft. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
"Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) Reference". MSDN Library. Microsoft. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
Russo, Marco; Ferrari, Alberto (2020). DAX Patterns: Second Edition. SQLBI. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-73536-520-6.
Russo, Marco; Ferrari, Alberto (2019). The Definitive Guide to DAX: Business Intelligence for Microsoft Power Bi, SQL Server Analysis Services, and Excel (second ed.). Microsoft Press. p. 768. ISBN 978-1-5093-0697-8.
Ferrari, Alberto; Russo, Marco (2015). The Definitive Guide to DAX: Business intelligence with Microsoft Excel, SQL Server Analysis Services, and Power BI. Microsoft Press. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-7356-9835-2.
Russo, Marco; Ferrari, Alberto; Webb, Chris (2012). Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Analysis Services: The BISM Tabular Model. Microsoft. ISBN 978-0-7356-5818-9.
Tennick, Art (2012). Practical PowerPivot & DAX Formulas for Excel 2010. McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-174685-4.
"Comprehensive DAX Formula Reference Guide". Enterprise DNA Knowledge Base. Enterprise DNA. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021.

[1] The Variant data type is used for expressions that might return different data types, depending on the conditions."Variant DAX Data Type". dax.guide.

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