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Cyrillic numerals

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Cyrillic numerals are a numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script, developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the late 10th century. It was used in the First Bulgarian Empire and by South and East Slavic peoples.[1] The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, when Peter the Great replaced it with Hindu-Arabic numerals as part of his civil script reform initiative.[2][3] Cyrillic numbers played a role in Peter the Great's currency reform plans, too, with silver wire kopecks issued after 1696 and mechanically minted coins issued between 1700 and 1722 inscribed with the date using Cyrillic numerals.[4] By 1725, Russian Imperial coins had transitioned to Arabic numerals.[5] The Cyrillic numerals may still be found in books written in the Church Slavonic language.[6]

Tower clock with Cyrillic numerals, in Suzdal, Russia
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Reverse of silver half ruble (left) and copper beard token featuring the year 1705 in Cyrillic numerals (҂АѰЕ)

General description

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The system is a quasi-decimal alphabetic numeral system, equivalent to the Ionian numeral system but written with the corresponding graphemes of the Cyrillic script. The order is based on the original Greek alphabet rather than the standard Cyrillic alphabetical order.[7]

A separate letter is assigned to each unit (1, 2, ... 9), each multiple of ten (10, 20, ... 90), and each multiple of one hundred (100, 200, ... 900). To distinguish numbers from text, a titlo (  ҃) is sometimes drawn over the numbers, or they are set apart with dots.[8] The numbers are written as pronounced in Slavonic,[9] generally from the high value position to the low value position, with the exception of 11 through 19, which are written and pronounced with the ones unit before the tens; for example, ЗІ (17) is "семнадсять" (literally seven-on-ten, cf. the English seven-teen).[2]

Examples:

  •   (҂аѱ҃ѕ) – 1706
  •   (҂зр︮и︯і) – 7118
  • A long titlo may be used for long runs of numbers: ҂з︮р︦н︦і︯.

To evaluate a Cyrillic number, the values of all the figures are added up: for example, ѰЗ is 700 + 7, making 707. If the number is greater than 999 (ЦЧѲ), the thousands sign (҂) is used to multiply the number's value: for example, ҂Ѕ is 6000, while ҂Л҂В is parsed as 30,000 + 2000, making 32,000. To produce larger numbers, a modifying sign is used to encircle the number being multiplied.[10] Two scales existed in such cases (similar to the long and short scales): one is 'Малый счёт' or Lesser Count, giving a new name and sign every order of magnitude, and the other is 'Великий счёт' or Greater Count, where every name and sign is the previous one squared, up until 1048- instead of going to 1096, it goes to 1049.[11][12]

 
Modifying signs used to denote values 1000 and greater. For example, А҉ denotes 1 million.

Table of values

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^† In some varieties of Western Cyrillic, Ч was used for 60 and Ҁ was used for 90.
Cyrillic modifying signs
Name (English)[11] Lesser count multiplier Greater count multiplier Sign Example
Тысяча знак (Thousand mark) 1,000 1,000  ҂    
Тьма (Myriad) 10,000 1,000,000    ⃝  
Легион (Legion) 100,000 1012   ҈  
Леодр (Legion of Legions) 1,000,000 1024   ҉  
Вран (Ворон) (Raven/Crow) 10,000,000 1048   ꙰  
Колода (Trough/Log) 100,000,000 1049   ꙱  
Тьма тем (Many Myriad) 1,000,000,000 possibly 1050   ꙲  

Computing codes

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character ◌҃ ◌︮ ◌︦ ◌︯ ҂
Unicode name COMBINING CYRILLIC
TITLO 		COMBINING CYRILLIC TITLO LEFT HALF COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON COMBINING CYRILLIC TITLO RIGHT HALF CYRILLIC
THOUSANDS SIGN
character encoding decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 1155 0483 65070 FE2E 65062 FE26 65071 FE2F 1154 0482
UTF-8 210 131 D2 83 239 184 174 EF B8 AE 239 184 166 EF B8 A6 239 184 175 EF B8 AF 210 130 D2 82
Numeric character reference ҃ ҃ ︮ ︮ ︦ ︦ ︯ ︯ ҂ ҂
character  ⃝  ҈  ҉   ꙰  ꙱   ꙲
Unicode name COMBINING
ENCLOSING CIRCLE
(Cyrillic combining
ten thousands sign)		 COMBINING
CYRILLIC HUNDRED
THOUSANDS SIGN		 COMBINING
CYRILLIC
MILLIONS SIGN		 COMBINING
CYRILLIC TEN
MILLIONS SIGN		 COMBINING
CYRILLIC HUNDRED
MILLIONS SIGN 		COMBINING
CYRILLIC BILLIONS SIGN
character encoding decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 8413 20DD 1160 0488 1161 0489 42608 A670 42609 A671 42610 A672
UTF-8 226 131 157 E2 83 9D 210 136 D2 88 210 137 D2 89 234 153 176 EA 99 B0 234 153 177 EA 99 B1 234 153 178 EA 99 B2
Numeric character reference ⃝ ⃝ ҈ ҈ ҉ ҉ ꙰ ꙰ ꙱ ꙱ ꙲ ꙲

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Dejić, Mirko (2013). "How the old Slavs (Serbs) wrote numbers". BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics. 29 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1080/17498430.2013.805559. ISSN 1749-8430. S2CID 121899464.
  2. ^ a b Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–182. ISBN 978-1-139-48533-3. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
  3. ^ Yefimov, Vladimir (2002), "Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic", in Berry, John D. (ed.), Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode, New York City: Graphis Press, pp. 369–147, ISBN 978-1932026016, retrieved 2017-01-02
  4. ^ Teplyakov, Sergei (2011). "How To Identify & Interpret Cyrillic Dates on Russian Coins of Peter I The Great". Metal Detecting World. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  5. ^ Lorković, Tatjana (2003). "Coins and Medals of Imperial Russia". Yale University Library. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  6. ^ Looijen, Maarten (2015). Over Getallen Gesproken/Talking About Numbers (in Dutch and English) (2nd ed.). Zaltbommel, Netherlands: Van Haren Publishing. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-94-018-0601-5.
  7. ^ Ager, Simon. "Omniglot: Cyrillic Script". Retrieved 2016-12-29.
  8. ^ Gesang, Philipp (2013), Typesetting Cyrillic Numerals with ConTEXt MkIV (PDF), p. 3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-30, retrieved 2016-12-29
  9. ^ Lunt, Horace Gray (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar (7th ed.). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-3-11-016284-4.
  10. ^ Gamanovich, Alypy (2001). Shaw, John (ed.). Grammar of the Church Slavonic Language. Jordanville, New York: Holy Trinity Monastery. ISBN 978-0884650645. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
  11. ^ a b Козловский, Станислав (2007-02-25). "У больших чисел громкие имена" [Big Names of Large Numbers]. Вокруг Света (in Russian). Moscow. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  12. ^ A. Kent; H. Lancour; J.E. Daily; W.Z. Nasri, eds. (1979). "Slavic Paleography". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Vol. 27. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc. pp. 510–520. ISBN 978-0-8247-2027-8. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
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