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Cross River State

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Cross River State is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Named for the Cross River, the state was formed from the eastern part of the Eastern Region on 27 May 1967. Its capital is Calabar, it borders to the north through Benue state, to the west through Ebonyi state and Abia state, and to the southwest through Akwa Ibom state, while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon.[4] Originally known as the South-Eastern State before being renamed in 1976, Cross River state formerly included the area that is now Akwa Ibom state, which became a distinct state in 1987.[5]

Cross River
State
State of Cross River
Obudu mountains, a natural landscape in the Obudu Mountain Resort
Obudu mountains, a natural landscape in the Obudu Mountain Resort
Flag of Cross River State
Flag
Seal of Cross River State
Seal
Nicknames: 
The People's Paradise
(French: Le paradis des gens)
Location of Cross River State in Nigeria
Location of Cross River State in Nigeria
Coordinates: 5°45′N 8°30′E / 5.750°N 8.500°E / 5.750; 8.500
Country Nigeria
Geopolitical ZoneSouth South
Date created27 May 1967
CapitalCalabar
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Cross River State
 • GovernorBassey Otu (APC)
 • Deputy GovernorPeter Odey (APC)
 • LegislatureCross River State House of Assembly
 • SenatorsC: Eteng Jonah Williams (APC)
N: Agom Jarigbe (PDP)
S: Asuquo Ekpenyong (APC)
 • RepresentativesList
Area
 • Total20,156 km2 (7,782 sq mi)
 • Rank19th of 36
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total4,406,200
 • Rank28th of 36
 • Density220/km2 (570/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
 • Year2021
 • Total$26.33 billion[2]
14th of 36
 • Per capita$5,892[2]
14th of 36
Time zoneUTC+01 (WAT)
postal code
540001
Dialing Code+234
ISO 3166 codeNG-CR
HDI (2022)0.675[3]
medium · 5th of 37
Website[1]

Of the 36 states in Nigeria, Cross River state is the nineteenth largest in area and 27th most populous, with an estimated population of over 3.8 million as of 2016.[6] Geographically, the state is mainly divided between the Guinean forest–savanna mosaic in the far north and the Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests in the majority of the interior of the state. The smaller ecoregions are the Central African mangroves in the coastal far south and a part of the montane Cameroonian Highlands forests in the extreme northeast. The most major geographical feature is the state's namesake, the Cross River, which bisects the state's interior before forming much of the state's western border and flowing into the Cross River Estuary. Other important rivers are the Calabar and Great Kwa rivers, which flow from the inland Oban Hills, before flanking the city of Calabar and flowing into the Cross River Estuary as well. In the forested interior of the state are several biodiverse protected areas including the Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, and Mbe Mountains Community Forest. These wildlife reserves contain populations of Preuss's red colobus, African forest buffalo, bat hawk, tree pangolin, grey-necked rockfowl, and West African slender-snouted crocodile, along with some of Nigeria's last remaining Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, drill, African forest elephant, and Cross River gorilla populations.[7][8][9][10]

Modern-day Cross River state has been inhabited by several ethnic groups for hundreds of years, primarily the Efik of the riverside south and Calabar; the Ekoi (Ejagham) of the inland south; the Akunakuna, Boki, Bahumono, and Yakö (Yakurr) of the central region; and the Bekwarra, Ogoja, Bette, Igede, Ukelle (Kukele) of the northern region. In the pre-colonial period, what is now Cross River state was divided between its ethnic groups with some joining the Aro Confederacy, while the Efik founded the Akwa Akpa (Old Calabar) city-state.[4] The latter become a British protectorate in 1884, as the capital of the Oil Rivers Protectorate; but it was in the early 1900s that the Britons gained formal control of the entire area. Around the same time, the protectorate (now renamed the Niger Coast Protectorate) was incorporated into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which later merged into British Nigeria.[11] After the merger, much of the modern-day Cross River state has become a center of anti-colonial resistance during the Women's War and trade, through the international seaport at Calabar.[12][13]

After independence in 1960, the area now regarded as Cross River state was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until 1967, when the region was split and the area became part of the South-Eastern state. Less than two months afterwards, the Igbo-majority of the former Eastern Region attempted to secede as the state of Biafra; in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War. Calabar and its port was hard-fought over in Operation Tiger Claw, while the people from Cross River state were persecuted by the Biafran forces as they were mainly non-Igbos.[14] At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the South-Eastern state was reformed until 1976, when it was renamed Cross River state.[15] Eleven years later, Cross River state was divided with western Cross River being broken off to form the new Akwa Ibom state.[5] The state formerly contained the oil-producing Bakassi Peninsula, but it was ceded to Cameroon under the terms of the Greentree Agreement.[16]

As an agricultural state, the Cross River state's economy partially relies on crops, such as cocoyam, rubber, oil palm, yam, cocoa, cashews, and plantain crops, along with fishing. Key minor industries involve tourism in and around the wildlife reserves along with the historic Ikom Monoliths site, Calabar Carnival, and Obudu Mountain Resort. Cross River state has the joint-thirteenth highest Human Development Index in the country and numerous institutions of tertiary education.[citation needed][17]

History

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Cross River as a south-south state was created on 27 May 1967 from the former Eastern Region, Nigeria, by the General Yakubu Gowon regime. Its name was changed to Cross River state in the 1976 state creation exercise by the then General Murtala Mohammed regime from South Eastern State.[18]: 222 The present day Akwa Ibom State was excised from it in the state creation exercise of September 1987 by the then regime of General Ibrahim Babangida.[6] The struggle for a new state creation started in 1980 in the reign of president Shehu Shagari where Senator Joseph Oqua Ansa (Mon) the senator representing Calabar senatorial district then was at the helm of affairs. Its capital is Calabar. Its major towns are Calabar Municipality, Akamkpa, Biase, Calabar South, Ikom, Igede, Obubra, Odukpani, Ogoja, Bekwarra, Ugep, Obudu, Obanliku, Akpabuyo, Ofutop, Iso-bendghe, Danare, Boki, Yala, Bendeghe Ekiem, Etomi, Ediba, Itigidi, Ugep, Ukpe and Ukelle.[7]

The state has many governors and administrators including Udoakaha J. Esuene, Paul Omu, Tunde Elegbede, Clement Isong, Donald Etiebet, Daniel Archibong, Ibim Princewill, Ernest Attah, Clement Ebri, Ibrahim Kefas, Gregory Agboneni, Umar Faoruk Ahmed, Christopher Osondu, Donald Duke, Liyel Imoke and Benedict Ayade. The current Governor is Bassey Edet Otu, who was sworn into office on 29 May 2023. He was elected for a four-year term in office under the platform of All Progressive Congress (APC).

Geography

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Cross River state derives its name from the Cross River, which passes through the state.[19] It is a coastal state located in the Niger Delta region, and occupies 20,156 square kilometers. It shares boundaries with Benue state to the north for 188 km (117 miles), Ebonyi and Abia states to the west for 198 km (123 miles) and about 52 km respectively (partly across Cross River), to the east by Sud-Ouest Province in Cameroon for about 290 km (181 miles), partly across the Sankwala Mountains and the Akwayafe River, and to the south by Akwa-Ibom for about 114 km (71 miles) mostly across Cross River and the Atlantic Ocean.[20] The state is made up of 18 Local Government Area Councils.[citation needed]

Climate

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Like few other Nigerian states, the climate of Cross River state is tropical. Not only this, the state is also characterised with relative humidity. The average temperature of the state is between 15°C and 30°C. However, this climatic condition is different in locations within the Cross River state such as the high plateau of Obudu, which has a record of a fall in temperature between 4°C and 10°C, as a result of the high altitude of this area.[21] The capital city of the State, Calabar, has a significant record of rainfall within the year, while the dry season has less significant effect in the state due to the depth of rainfall experienced. Based on the records presented by the Climate Data of the state, the annual rainfall of Cross River state is 3306mm (130.2 inches).[22][23]

Demographics

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The State is composed of several ethnic groups,[24][25] which include the Efik, the Ejagham, Yakurr, Bahumono, Bette, Yala, Igede, Ukelle and the Bekwarra among others. There are four major languages spoken in the state: English, the common language, Efik, Bekwarra, and Ejagham. The Efik language is widely spoken in Cross River State, especially in Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Akpabuyo, Bakassi, Akampkpa, Biase, and Odukpani Local Government Areas. The Ejagham language is also widely spoken language in Cross River State.

The Efik-speaking people live mainly in the Southern senatorial districts of Cross River, or as it is commonly referred to, the Greater Calabar district, which includes Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa LGAs. There is also the Qua community in Calabar, which speaks Ejagham. The main Ejagham group occupies mostly the Greater Calabar areas of Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase and Akamkpa sections of Cross River State.[citation needed]

There are also the Yakurr /Agoi/Bahumono ethnic groups in Yakurr and Abi LGA, while the Mbembe are predominantly found in Obubra LGA. Further up the core northern part of the state are several sub-dialectical groups, among which are Etung, Olulumo, Ofutop, Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke and Boki in both Ikom, Etung and Boki LGAs. Also, the Yala/Yache, Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuk, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra and Utukwang people are found in Ogoja, Yala, Obudu, Obanliku and Bekwarra LGAs. The Yala are a subgroup of the Idoma nation, part of the Yala LGA's subgroups are the Igede speaking people believed to have migrated from the Oju part of Benue State, who migrated from Ora, in Edo North.[citation needed]

In Cross River North, Bekwarra is one of the most widely spoken language.[26] It is understood by other tribes in the district. This language along with Efik and Ejagham is used for news broadcast in the state owned radio and TV stations.[citation needed]

Cross River State epitomises the nation's linguistic and cultural plurality and it is important to note that, in spite of the diversity of dialects, all the Indigenous languages in the state have common linguistic roots as Niger-Congo languages. Finally, the State serves as the venue of the largest carnival in Africa.[27][28]

 
Kwa falls, a waterfall along the Kwa River

Local Government Areas

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See also: List of villages in Cross River State

Cross River State consists of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas. They are:

Religion

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The majority of Cross Riverians are predominantly Christian with minorities practicing different ethnic indigenous religions. The Catholic Church includes the Archdiocese of Calabar (1934) with 51 parishes [2] under Archbishop Joseph Effiong Ekuwem (2013) [3] and the suffragan diocese of Ogoja (1938) [4] with 79 parishes under Bishop Donatus Edet Akpan (2017). [5] The Anglican Province of the Niger Delta includes the Diocese of Calabar led by Bishop Nneoyi O. Egbe. [6]

Languages

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Languages of Cross River State listed by LGA includes :[29]

LGA Languages
Abi Agwagwune; Humono; Igbo
Akamkpa Agoi; Bakpinka; Doko-Uyanga; Efik; Lubila; Nkukoli; Ukpet-Ehom; Ejagham; Kiong; Korop; Ubaghara; Ukwa; Umon
Bekwarra Bekwarra; Tiv; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike
Biase Agwagwune; Efik; Ubaghara; Ukwa;Umon
Boki Bete-Bendi; Bokyi
Calabar Efik; Ejagham
Ikom Ejagham; Abanyom; Bukpe; Efutop; Mbembe,; Nde-Nsele-Nta; Ndoe; Nkukoli; Nnam; Olulumo-Ikom; Yala
Obanliku Bete-Bendi; Evant; Iceve-Maci; Obanliku; Otank; Tiv
Obubra Agoi; Hohumono; Legbo; Lenyima; Leyigha; Lokaa; Mbembe; Nkukoli; Yala; Igbo
Obudu Bete-Bendi; Bukpe; Bumaji; Elege; Tiv; Ubang; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike;
Odukpani Efik; Ejagham; Idere; Kiong; Korop; Odut; Usaghade
Ogoja Ekajuk; Igede; Kukele; Mbe; Nkem-Nkum; Nnam; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; Uzekwe;
Yakurr Lokaah; Agoi, Asiga
Yala Igbo; Mbembe; Igede; Yace; Yala; Kukelle

Other languages spoken in Cross State are Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, and Okobo.[29][30]

Festivals

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Dance Troupe at Cross River State

Festivals held in Cross River state includes:

  • The Cross River State Christmas Festival – 1 December to 31 December annually[31]
  • The Cross River State Carnival Float – 26 and 27 December yearly
  • The Yakurr Leboku Yam festival – 28 August annually
  • The Calabar Boat Regata
  • Anong Bahumono Festival which is held in Anong Village, during which different cultural dances are showcased, including Ikpobin (acclaimed to be the most entertaining dance in the state), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei and Eta[32]
  • Ediba Bahumono Festival which is held in Ediba Village every last Saturday in the month of July
  • Bekwarra, Obudu, Obanliku, Igede New yam festival which is held every 1st Saturday of September every year.

Tourism

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Cross River National Park

From the soaring plateaus of the mountain tops of Obanliku to the Rain forests of Afi, from the Waterfalls of Agbokim and Kwa to the spiralling ox-bow Calabar River which provides sights and images of the Tinapa Business Resort, Marina Resort, Calabar Residency Museum and the Calabar Slave Park along its course, there is always a thrilling adventure awaiting the eco-tourist visiting Cross River State.[33]

Other tourist attractions are the Ikom Monoliths (a series of volcanic-stone monoliths of unknown age), the Mary Slessor Tomb, Calabar Drill Monkey Sanctuary, Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain walkway canopy, Kwa Falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa Business Resort, Mono railway and the annual Calabar Carnival that takes place during the Christmas period.

Cross River State can be accessed by air through the Margaret Ekpo International Airport at Calabar. There are daily flights to Calabar from Lagos and Abuja serviced by airlines such as Air peace Airlines, Ibom Air Airlines and recently Cally Air, operated by Aero Contractors which worked for about 5 months in 2021 and at the start of 2022, it stopped operation.

The Cross River state-owned airline, Cally Air, might have run aground after two years of operations and operational debt in excess of N900 million to its technical partner, Aero Contractors.[34]

Education

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Education started with mother tongue education. Presently, a lot of schools in the state for educative learning in the society.[35] The Tertiary educational institutions in the State includes:

Transportation

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Federal highways

  • A4 north from Calabar via Ikom and Ogoja to Benue State,
  • A343 (as part of TAH8: Trans-African Highway 8 Lagos-Mombasa) west from A4 at Mbok Junction as the Ngulya Mbok Rd and Iyahe Rd to Ebonyi State as the Ogoja-Abakaliki Rd,
  • A4-1 west from A4 at Odukpani Junction as the Ndom Nkim Esuk Odot Rd west across Cross River at Ayadeghe to Akwa Ibom.

Two roads to Cameroon:

Other major roads include:

  • the Oju-Alebo Rd north from A343 at Iyahe to Benue State as the Iyahe-Ewango-Oju Rd,
  • the Ikum Wula Rd northeast from A4 at Ikom as the Obudu-Ikom Rd to Obudu,
  • the Ranch Rd east from Obudu as the Vande Ikya-Abanliko Rd and the Akanliko-Ngale Rd,
  • the Amachi-Ndeokpai Rd west from A4 at Ndeokpai across Cross River by ferry at Ikot Okpora to Abia State at Ewe as the Arochukwu-Akampa-Odukpani-Calabar Rd.

Waterways:

Calabar is a major port, with navigable waterways on Cross River.

Airports: Margaret Ekpo International Airport at Calabar (1983), and Bebi Airstrip.

Politics

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The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Calabar.[38]

Electoral system

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The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.[39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Cross River State: Subdivision". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b Okeowo, Gabriel; Fatoba, Iyanuoluwa, eds. (13 October 2022). "State of States 2022 Edition" (PDF). Budgit.org. BudgIT. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ a b E.J. Alagoa, Tekena N. Tamuno (1989). Land and people of Nigeria: Rivers State.
  5. ^ a b "This is how the 36 states were created". Pulse.ng. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Population 2006-2016". National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Cross River National Park (Oban Division)". WCS Nigeria. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  8. ^ "Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division)". WCS Nigeria. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  9. ^ "Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary". WCS Nigeria. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  10. ^ "Mbe Mountains". WCS Nigeria. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  11. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Calabar" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 962.
  12. ^ "Calabar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  13. ^ Amedi, E. (1982). Ethics in Nigerian culture. Heinemann.
  14. ^ Omaka, Arua Oko (17 February 2014). "The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970". Journal of Retracing Africa. 1 (1): 25–40. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  15. ^ Kiebel, C.B. (1976). Juju belief and practice in Nigeria: Rivers State.
  16. ^ "Nigeria hands Bakassi to Cameroon". BBC News. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  17. ^ "Human Development Indices". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  18. ^ Benjamin Obi Nwabueze (1982). A Constitutional History of Nigeria. C. Hurst and Co LTD, UK. ISBN 9780905838793.
  19. ^ "Map - Cross River State - MAP[N]ALL.COM". mapnall.com. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  20. ^ Andem, A. B; Udofia, U. U; Okorafor, K. A; George, U. U (11 August 2013). "Bioaccumulation of some Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon (THC) in the Tissues of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus Fuscatus Var Radula) in the Intertidal Regions of Qua Iboe River Basin, Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria". Greener Journal of Biological Sciences. 3 (7): 258–264. doi:10.15580/gjbs.2013.7.072913762. ISSN 2276-7762.
  21. ^ "Kerrie.com".
  22. ^ "climate cross river".
  23. ^ Ekpe, Dr Itita A. (1 January 2018). "IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ARTISANAL FISHERIES IN CROSS RIVER ESTUARY, SOUTHERN NIGERIA". Unical Graduate School.
  24. ^ "List of Tribes in Cross River State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". 21 January 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  25. ^ "Cross River | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  26. ^ "Cross River State". Cross River Hub. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  27. ^ "25 Interesting Facts About Cross River State". 17 July 2020.
  28. ^ "Cross River State History, LGA & Senatorial Districts". Aziza Goodnews. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  29. ^ a b "Nigeria". Ethnologue (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  30. ^ Willamson, Kay (1968). Languages of Niger Delta. pp. 124–130.
  31. ^ "Be part of the famous Cross River State Christmas Festival - Nigeria". www.nigeria-direct.com. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  32. ^ "Festivals and Carnivals in Rivers State :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  33. ^ "10 top things to see and do in Cross River state". Pulse Nigeria. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  34. ^ "Controversy over Cally Air assets, N900 million debt to Aero Contractors". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  35. ^ Willamson, Key (1976). The Rivers Readers project in Nigeria in Bamgbose. A.ed. mother tongue education; the west African experience. UNESCO press.
  36. ^ "Home". fceobudu.edu.ng.
  37. ^ "Institutions". National Board for Technical Education. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
  38. ^ Oguntola, Tunde (27 September 2022). "2023: Next President, Govs Must Get Two-thirds Spread, Says INEC". Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  39. ^ Oguntola, Tunde (27 September 2022). "2023: Next President, Govs Must Get Two-thirds Spread, Says INEC". Retrieved 23 February 2023.
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